2024

The adoption of the “Steppe Regulation” in 1891 contributed to the completion of the formation of the Russian model of administrative management in the Kazakh steppe, but did not solve many problems with the practical implementation of local governance. The article attempts to consider the decisions of the Turgai region administration taken to organize the effective work of public institutions of the Kazakh nomadic volosts. The source base of the study was formed by regulatory and legal documents regulating the activities of local government bodies in the Kazakh steppe and office materials from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mechanisms for implementing the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts, in particular on the territory of the Turgai region in the second half of the 19th century are considered based on the methodological guidelines of the new social history and the new imperial history. The introduction of collegial bodies of volost and aul governance in the Kazakh steppe, in its content, extended the model of public administration carried out in the central provinces of the Russian Empire to Kazakh society, but problems arose that required local authorities to make decisions based on the specifics of local conditions. At the local level, there were difficulties in relations with Kazakh public officials, due to their lack of knowledge of the Russian language. Another problematic issue that required a solution, according to Russian officials, was the dominance of family ties in the formation of the apparatus for governing Kazakh nomadic volosts. Through a comparative analysis of the articles of the “Steppe Regulations” of March 25, 1891 and the Instructions to volost governors, aul elders, volost and aul congresses of the Turgai region of 1894, it is examined how these and other issues are resolved, how the model of Russian administrative management is adapted to local characteristics.

Modernisation, particularly urbanisation, significantly impacts the economic and social spheres, altering self-consciousness, cultural views and traditions. This is crucial to observe in large countries like Kazakhstan, where remote regions and underdeveloped infrastructure have hindered active urbanisation. The aim is to analyse urbanisation’s impact on the cultural and value-based orientations of Kazakhstan’s people. Comparison and statistical methods were used in this study. This article is valuable for researchers studying the influence of global processes on national culture and self-consciousness, as well as those interested in Kazakhstan’s history.

The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the water quality and toxicology indicators of the Verkhnetobolskoye and Karatomarskoye reservoirs in northern Kazakhstan to identify potential pollutants, including heavy metals, organic and inorganic substances, and pesticides, and to assess the influence of these parameters on the suitability of water for various uses. The study combined hydrochemical and toxicological analysis, including atomic absorption spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography to detect heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. The data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine correlations between different pollutants and to assess overall water quality according to national and international standards. The analysis suggests that both reservoirs are subject to moderate or severe pollution. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals, especially cadmium and zinc, were detected at several sampling points, exceeding the threshold limit value for safe water use. Although the levels of most pesticides are within the required limits, trace amounts of chlorinated pesticides were detected. The water quality in both reservoirs is classified as bad (class 4), with a high content of suspended solids, magnesium, and sulfates, making this water unsuitable for domestic use without thorough treatment. The reservoirs remain suitable for industrial uses, including irrigation and mining. The findings underscore the need for stricter water quality monitoring and improved water purification infrastructure in the reservoirs of Kazakhstan.

Poultry meat, including chicken, has an important place in human nutrition, but special conditions are required for its storage due to its high perishability. Therefore, this study presents methods for packaging and storing poultry meat to increase food safety and health. Then, using the method of testing microorganisms in poultry meat, the effect of packaging and storage conditions on preserving white meat's health and shelf life is investigated. The results show that packaging should provide the necessary handling, transportation, and storage conditions. Currently, there are packaging systems with different characteristics and applications for poultry packaging. These systems are used for storing poultry in short-term cold storage, retail stores, and long-term cold storage. Poultry packaging should be carried out in packaging factories and under entirely hygienic conditions, and then, while maintaining the cold chain, it is supplied to the consumer market with approved means of transportation.

This study explored the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the security framework of electronic voting (e-voting) systems. Amid increasing vulnerabilities and cyber threats to electoral integrity, these technologies provided robust solutions by ensuring the immutability of voting records and enabling real-time anomaly detection. Blockchain technology secured votes in a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger, preventing unauthorized modifications, and enhancing transparency. Concurrently, artificial intelligence leveraged predictive analytics to dynamically monitor and respond to potential security threats, thereby ensuring the reliability and integrity of the voting process. This paper presented a dual-technology approach where blockchain’s transparency complemented artificial intelligence’s (AI) threat detection capabilities, providing a comprehensive security solution for e-voting systems. Through theoretical models and empirical data, we demonstrated significant improvements in transaction throughput, threat detection accuracy, and system scalability. The findings suggested that the strategic application of these technologies could substantially mitigate current e-voting vulnerabilities, offering a pathway to more secure, transparent, and efficient electoral processes globally

This article presents the findings of a scientific study investigating the efficacy of various assessment techniques used to evaluate the adaptability and productive qualities of Aberdeen Angus cattle on three prominent farms in the northern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A comprehensive analysis of the haematological and biochemical parameters of experimental groups of cattle with different genotypes (American, Canadian, and Estonian selection) was conducted. The studies revealed notable variability in haematological and biochemical indicators, contingent on the origin. Concurrently, the dynamics of the aforementioned indicators did not exceed the physiological norms. The modern allelofund was characterised with the help of microsatellite markers, and the level of genetic diversity of Aberdeen Angus cattle of different genotypes was estimated. The research uncovered the genealogical structure of the populations, the purity of the populations, the provenance, the polymorphism level, the heterozygosity indices, and the Wright fixation index (Fis). The genotyping of cattle of the Aberdeen Angus breed on 15 microsatellite markers yielded the establishment of 80 alleles in the Kolos-firm LLP, 77 alleles in the Vishnevskoe LLP, and 92 alleles in the Sever-Agro N LLP. The total expected heterozygosity was He = 0.673, while the observed heterozygosity was Ho = 0.710

This paper examines various machine learning methods for assessing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. To build predictive models, two approaches were used: the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The focus is on analyzing the performance of each model in classification and regression tasks, as well as their ability to identify key biomarkers and risk factors such as cholesterol, ferritin, homocysteine and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. XGBoost parameters have been optimized for working with tabular data, demonstrating high accuracy in risk prediction. The CNN model, despite the initial reduction in error on the training set, showed signs of overfitting when analyzing validation data. Performance evaluation using the metrics of mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) revealed significant differences between the models. The study results confirm the effectiveness of XGBoost in analyzing tabular data and summarizing risk factor knowledge, while the CNN model needs further optimization to handle sparse data. The work demonstrates the importance of choosing the right model architecture and training parameters to ensure reliable diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases

Alnus glutinosa plays a crucial role in flood control, riverbank stabilization, and water purification. Recognized for its ecological significance, it is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. This study investigated the genetic variability of A. glutinosa populations in Kazakhstan, analyzing 78 trees from seven populations in the Bayanaul mountain forest massif and the northern Turgay regions using 12 SSR markers. The study identified an average of 6.3 alleles and 2.783 effective alleles, as well as observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.570 and 0.562, respectively, reflecting genetic diversity. Among the populations, KS1 (northern Turgay) and PVL3 (Bayanaul) displayed the highest diversity, while PVL5 (Bayanaul) showed slightly lower diversity. The analysis of molecular variance results indicated that 86% of the genetic diversity occurred within populations, with 14% attributed to differences between populations. A UPGMA tree based on Nei’s genetic distance revealed three distinct clusters, suggesting geographically structured genetic variability in A. glutinosa populations

Phytophthora infestans is a notorious oomycete pathogen that causes potato late blight. It secretes numerous effector proteins to manipulate host immunity. Understanding mechanisms underlying their host cell manipulation is crucial for developing disease resistance strategies. Here, we report that the conserved RXLR effector Pi05910 of P. infestans is a genotype-specific avirulence elicitor on potato variety Longshu 12 and contributes virulence by suppressing and destabilizing host glycolate oxidase StGOX4. By performing co-immunoprecipitation, yeast-two-hybrid assays, luciferase complementation imaging, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we identified and confirmed potato StGOX4 as a target of Pi05910. Further analysis revealed that StGOX4 and its homologue NbGOX4 are positive immune regulators against P. infestans, as indicated by infection assays on potato and Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing StGOX4 and TRV-NbGOX4 plants. StGOX4-mediated disease resistance involves enhanced reactive oxygen species accumulation and activated the salicylic acid signalling pathway. Pi05910 binding inhibited enzymatic activity and destabilized StGOX4. Furthermore, mutagenesis analyses indicated that the 25th residue (tyrosine, Y25) of StGOX4 mediates Pi05910 binding and is required for its immune function. Our results revealed that the core RXLR effector of P. infestans Pi05910 suppresses plant immunity by targeting StGOX4, which results in decreased enzymatic activity and protein accumulation, leading to enhanced plant susceptibility

This inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (Zea mays), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), soybeans (Glycine max), and vetch (Vicia sativa). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans-maize” and “soybeans-maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch-maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching. © 2024 The Author(s). Soil Science Society of America Journal

Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has impacted over 264 million people and caused over 5 million deaths worldwide. Symptoms often include viral pneumonia, with complications like acute respiratory distress or sepsis, as well as myocarditis and kidney damage. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on endocrine glands, as well as to develop a classification of stages of the course of COVID-19 to improve and simplify morphological diagnosis. Methods: The studies conducted include systemic analysis of the para-clinical data of patients who died of COVID-19 (according to medical documentation); a macroscopic study assessing the size and weight of external manifestations of endocrine organ lesions in COVID-19 cases with statistical evaluation of the detected signs. Archive analysis covers para-clinical data and data on significant concomitant and background pathologies based on the medical histories of 780 deaths from COVID-19 in infectious diseases hospitals of the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan) during the period from 2019 to 2022. Result: Using pathomorphologic data from COVID-19 autopsies, we developed a scale for semi-quantitative analysis of each case. Medical data analysis suggests that the most notable endocrine changes are elevated blood glucose and low catecholamine levels due to adrenal hemosiderosis. No significant changes in sex or thyroid hormones were observed. Conclusion: The obtained findings require further consideration, given that the studied patients make up a rather diverse group. Nevertheless, the study can serve as an additional source of information in the struggle against COVID-19

Water scarcity and increasing salinity stress are significant challenges in the farming sector as they often exacerbate each other, as limited water availability can concentrate salts in the soil, further hindering plant growth. Lettuce, a crucial leafy vegetable with high nutritional value, is susceptible to water availability and quality. This study investigates the growth and development of lettuce plants under water scarcity and varying levels of salinity stress to identify effective strategies for reducing water consumption while maintaining or improving plant productivity. Field experiments were designed to simulate three drought levels (50, 75, and 100% of class A pan evaporation) and three salinity stress levels (control, 1500, and 3000 ppm NaCl), assessing their impact on lettuce’s morphological and biochemical parameters. The combination of reduced water supply and high salinity significantly hindered growth, underscoring the detrimental effects of simultaneous water deficit and salinity stress on plant development. Non-stressed treatment enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents and progressively decreased with the reduction in water supply from 100% to 50%. Interestingly, higher salinity levels increased total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity, suggesting an adaptive stress response. Moreover, antioxidant activity, evaluated through DPPH and ABTS assays, peaked in plants irrigated with 75% ETo, whether under control or 1500 ppm salinity conditions. The Yield Stability Index was highest at 75% ETo (0.95), indicating robust stability under stress. The results indicated that lettuce could be cultivated with up to 75% of the water requirement without significantly impacting plant development or quality. Furthermore, the investigation demonstrated that lettuce could thrive when irrigated with water of moderate salinity (1500 ppm). These findings highlight the potential for reducing water quantities and saline water in lettuce production, offering practical solutions for sustainable farming in water-scarce regions.

The research problem is based on the study of the possibilities of expanding methodological approaches, educational technologies, and educational programs for the implementation of blended learning and increasing the level of its effectiveness in the educational system of Kazakhstan. This study aims to identify the best conditions for implementing blended learning that would meet the technical capabilities of the university, the educational programs, and the interests and needs of all participants of the educational process. For this, the following data collection methods were used: Online surveys, quantitative and qualitative analyses, and facilitation tools, such as World Café, Future Search, ranking, and Spearman's correlation analysis. The results show that more than half of the students (58%) and teachers (65%) were not satisfied with the existing structure of blended learning at the university. This research suggests involving all participants in the educating process when adopting the blended mode of learning to enhance the efficacy of the blended learning program. The practical significance of this research lies in its determination of the optimal conditions for implementing blended learning in the university programs of Kazakhstan. The engagement of all stakeholders in the Learning pathway in decision-making regarding hybrid education, taking into account the technical capabilities of universities and the individual needs of students and instructors, aims not only to address current issues but also to enhance the quality of education and prepare graduates to meet the demands of the contemporary labor market. Such an approach to research and innovation implementation in Kazakhstan's education could foster the development of more flexible, adaptive, and effective educational systems that meet the requirements of the modern world

In a free market economy, stock market indices are influenced not only by national economic developments, but also by economic indicators such as gold, exchange rates, and oil. It is important to consider these indicators when analyzing the returns of companies traded on the stock exchange. Internal factors that impact stock market returns include the company’s estimated earnings and changes in the company’s financial structure. External factors include macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates, interest rates, gold prices, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A study analyzed the relationship between the returns of energy companies traded on KASE and the KASE index, exchange rate, and gold return during the period of January 01, 2023-April 01, 2024 (328 trading days) using the ARDL Bounds Value Approach. The research findings indicate that the stock market composite index, foreign exchange, and gold returns have a long-term effect on the returns of energy companies. Particularly, the long-term effect of the stock market composite index return is found to be significant and positive for all three assets. Additionally, the effect of companies’ past values has been observed as negative. According to the error correction model analysis, a key finding is that shocks to company returns will reach equilibrium in a short time, approximately one trading day. These results can provide decision support, especially for investors, when investing in energy companies.

A possible way to increase the operating speed and field capacity of a cultivator-fertiliser is to modify its configuration scheme. According to our hypothesis, placing the fertiliser hopper directly on the tractor frame could reduce the traction resistance of the cultivator-fertiliser and consequently increase its operating speed and field capacity. Validating this hypothesis requires a comparative evaluation of the existing configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers. However, there are currently no such comprehensive studies available. This research aims to develop a mathematical model for conducting a comparative theoretical evaluation of various configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers. The development of this model incorporated principles from classical and agricultural mechanics. We developed a mathematical model and conducted a theoretical evaluation of existing configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers, such as mounting the hopper on a separate trailed chassis, mounting the hopper and tillage working bodies on one frame, and mounting the hopper directly on the tractor frame. The working width of the cultivator-fertiliser was constant and amounted to 6.2 m. The effective engine power of the tractor was taken to be 220 × 103 W. It was found that placing the fertiliser hopper on the tractor frame maximises the field capacity to 3.9 ha∙h-1. The increase in field capacity was 8.9–16.0%. In this case, the fertiliser hopper volume should be 1.89 m3 and travel speed 8.45 km∙h-1

The small business sector in Kazakhstan demonstrates dynamic growth, but its sustainable development in modern conditions requires activation from government agencies, society and entrepreneurs themselves. The purpose of the article was to study the development of small entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and develop a mechanism for sustainable development based on network interaction “business entities–society–state” with the identification of priority areas of development based on a rating approach. The methods of bibliographic analysis of scientific literature, statistical, correlation analysis, survey, comparative analysis and ranking based on data normalization were used. The results revealed the need to formalize indicators of sustainable development of the small business sector in strategic development programs; create conditions, support, explain the importance and prospects of investing in sustainable innovations by small businesses and form a balanced strategy for achieving carbon neutrality based on network interaction “business entities–society–state” with the identification of priority areas of development based on a rating approach to ensure transparency and publicity of decisions made. Conclusions were made about the need to popularize sustainable development among business entities, stimulate investment activity through government participation, enact legislative regulation of public presentation of non-financial reporting, and assist society in the formation of an ESG culture

This study evaluates the utilization of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) technology for the conservation and breeding of the Auliekol cattle breed, a primary beef breed in Kazakhstan facing population decline due to the cessation of breeding programs and the incursion of transboundary diseases. We assessed the effect of consecutive ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures on oocyte yield and embryo production in Auliekol and Aberdeen Angus cows. A total of 2232 and 3659 oocytes were aspirated from Auliekol and Aberdeen Angus donors, respectively, with significantly higher yields and embryo production observed in Aberdeen Angus cows. The application of a meiotic block using Butyrolactone I (BLI) and subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols was employed, with embryo development monitored up to the morula/blastocyst stage. Results indicated that Auliekol cows exhibited lower oocyte recovery, cleavage, and blastocyst rates compared to Aberdeen Angus cows, likely due to genetic characteristics. Despite the challenges, IVEP presents a valuable tool for the preservation and future propagation of the Auliekol breed, highlighting the need for further research to enhance reproductive outcomes and conservation strategies

Background: Anthrax is the most prioritized zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to its threatening potential to the public health and agricultural sector. Sporadic anthrax outbreaks are being reported annually among human and livestock populations throughout the country, with the highest frequency occurring in West Kazakhstan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey-based face-to-face interview. From January to May 2022, 489 randomly selected participants were surveyed in 6 districts of the Baiterek province in West Kazakhstan oblast to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding anthrax among community members. This is the first KAP study conducted relating to outbreaks of anthrax in Kazakhstan. Results: In this study, most participants (74%) surveyed were males, and 40% of respondents had a secondary level education. Overall, 91% of the community respondents were engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Among these community members, cattle rearing was the most common (67%) occupation compared to other livestock species. Additionally, over a 50% of the population studied had no knowledge about the zoonotic nature of the disease, and about 82% and 87% of respondents were unaware of any animal and human anthrax symptoms, respectively. About 70% of the respondents were interested in vaccinating their livestock against anthrax. Individuals aged 45–54 displayed notably higher animal vaccination rates (45%; 95% CI: 38.4–52.0; p < 0.025) compared to those aged 25–34 and 65–74. Respondents residing in the Beles district (20%; 95% CI: 17.1–24.7; p < 0.005) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness concerning the fatality of anthrax in contrast to participants from Bolashak. Roughly 61% of respondents held the belief that anthrax is a lethal disease. An overwhelming majority of the survey participants (99%) affirmed their non-participation in the slaughter of infected animals. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that KAP among community members relating to anthrax is low and requires swift implementation of education programmes in building awareness of anthrax under the One Health approach, especially in anthrax prone regions

Subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows necessitates the use of effective pre-and post-milking udder preparations. Many imported post-milking udder treatments have proven ineffective and costly, prompting the exploration of composite preparations based on chemical compounds. This study aims to assess the bactericidal properties of Promixan, a preparation based on Anavidin and its impact on subclinical mastitis prevention and milk quality under production conditions. The experimental study took place at two Republic of Kazakhstan farms. Three groups of cows, comprising those with subclinical mastitis (for disease treatment) and healthy cows (for disease prevention), were selected. To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of post-milking udder treatments, microbial concentration dynamics were observed every two hours until the subsequent milking. Promixan exhibited 98.1 and 96.7% effectiveness in preventing subclinical mastitis in healthy cows at the Adal Agro-Industrial Complex farm and E.S. Aidarbayev farm, respectively, after 4 hours of exposure. In the group of sick cows, it demonstrated effectiveness rates of 95.3 and 94.3%, respectively. These results indicate that Promixan matches or surpasses the bactericidal properties of analogs. When used on sick cows, Promixan outperformed Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 2.1 and 2.2%, respectively, indicating its comparable effectiveness. Experimental studies revealed that Promixan's bactericidal properties surpassed those of Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 3.4 and 3.3%, respectively. Promixan effectively forms a bacteriological protective film on cow udder teats, preventing microbial penetration into the skin, and proves to be a viable alternative to existing treatments for subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows under production conditions

Background: A total of 396 samples were taken from the hearts, oesophagi, and diaphragms of 132 horses slaughtered at slaughterhouses in 2023 for subsequent examination. Methods: The histological method revealed pathomorphological changes in the muscle tissue. The molecular method identified the pathogen species. Results: Histological examination revealed thick-walled cysts with internal septa and numerous bradyzoites, and mononuclear inflammatory cells with pericyst infiltrates. Microcyst samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular genetic analysis allowed for the identification of 18 sarcocysts. Phylogenetic analysis of Sarcocystis isolates revealed three separate clades of Sarcocystis bertrami and two separate clades of Sarcocystis fayeri. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed a very close relationship between the identified Sarcocystis species and other equine Sarcocystis DNA sequences from China and Japan. Based on the results obtained, the epizootic situation and the parasitic level of sarcocystosis contamination of horses in the northern Kazakhstan were determined. Conclusion: This is the first histological and molecular study to identify Sarcocystis spp. isolated from microscopic forms of equine sarcocysts in the northern Kazakhstan. This research will contribute to the fight against the spread of sarcocystosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan and will allow us to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms of sarcocystosis control

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2–4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

The introduction of biologically-active preparations (BAP) in Konskaya Varenaya (Horse and cooked sausage) significantly alters the functional processing and structural-mechanical properties of minced meat, thereby affecting the quality of the final product. This study aimed to determine the optimal formulation of combined cooked sausage with BAP by examining the influence of varying amounts of the preparation on minced meat and sausage quality. Key functional and processing characteristics, including water-binding power (WBP), moisture content, pH level, yield, and water activity, as well as structural-mechanical properties such as yield value, adhesiveness, and plasticity, were assessed using standard laboratory methods. The results indicated that WBP is significantly influenced by both the quantity of BAP and cutting time. Additionally, the inclusion of egg-derived BAP positively affected the protein system of minced meat, leading to an increased pH and enhanced WBP