2025

The current study aimed to evaluate the association between demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, employment duration and the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among food handlers. The research was based on a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews with food handlers employed in small-scale food establishments in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The questionnaire was adapted from previous validated studies and WHO/FAO guidelines. All practices reported in the study were self-reported by the participants. From May to October 2021, 140 small-scale restaurants, cafeterias and eateries were visited. The data collected from 358 food handlers were subjected to statistical analysis using Spearman Correlation and Chi-Square tests. The outcomes of our study demonstrated that a significant proportion of food handlers exhibited positive attitudes toward food safety and adhered to sound food safety practices, however they possessed insufficient knowledge of food safety. Demographic characteristics such as education level, occupation, and work experience in the food service industry were significantly (p<0.05) associated with food safety KAP.

Film mulching (FM) has been widely adopted in dryland agriculture to increase crop yields, but its potential long-term impacts on soil health and degradation remain a subject of debate. In contrast, straw returning (SR) has shown promising results in improving soil quality and enhancing economic returns, making it an effective measure to optimize FM practices. This study assessed the effects of varying straw return rates (0, 6, 12, and 18 t ha−1) on soil quality, ecosystem services, and economic benefits in a semiarid region, under both mulched (FM) and non-mulched conditions. Our findings indicate that FM significantly increased maize yields but also led to a depletion of soil nutrients, including organic carbon (−3.7 %) and total nitrogen (−5.8 %), while increasing CO2 emissions (9.9 %). In contrast, SR increased soil nitrogen (11.9 %), organic carbon (6.6 %), and improved both particulate organic carbon (19.2 %) and dissolved organic carbon (37.4 %). Moreover, both FM and SR improved soil enzyme activity (catalase, cellulase, and urease) and enhanced the stability of soil aggregate structure, particularly through the coupling effects of FM and SR. However, this coupling effect also resulted in increased greenhouse gas emissions (CO2: 15.0 %; N2O: 8.1 %), although it reduced the carbon footprint (−22.0 %) and improved economic returns (10,074 yuan ha−1). From the perspective of both environmental sustainability and stable economic returns, we recommend the return of all straw (12 t ha−1) to dryland mulching cropland. To further enhance soil quality, we suggest increasing the amount of straw (18 t ha−1).

Praise is one of the most effective methods of emotional impact in political communication. The article examines communication strategies and tactics of interviewers containing statements of praise as well as reacting replica. The aim of the research is to analyze statements of praise and reacting replica. Twenty political interviews with American politician and current president Donald Trump for the period from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed. The article is a contribution to the study and development of political interviews as a special genre of political discourse. Speech communication as a strategic process needs thorough selection of optimal linguistic resources. Thus, the study of speech strategies and tactics of praise in political discourse enables to identify strategically determined situations of expressing a positive assessment, determine a potential list of tactics taking into account changes in communication parameters, and consider the acceptability of the choice of a particular tactic from the perspective of interviewer and interviewee. The research was conducted using the method of contextual analysis and pragmalinguistic analysis along with the method of component analysis. The analysis found that journalists have many ways to express praise in a political interview. Statements of praise are constructed employing such linguistic means as expressive language, intensifiers, repetition, syntactic parallelism. Politicians’ reactions included strategy of full, partial acceptance of praise and strategy of rejection of praise. The scientific value of the research lies in the need for its main results concerning political communication, and its practical value consists in providing certain materials related to political linguistics field.

Leguminous crops are beneficial for enhancing crop yields and agricultural sustainability. However, the impacts of legume crops with optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization on the subsequent crop yield and N use efficiency (NUE) are unclear. Thus, a two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of three cropping systems (FW: fallow–wheat, SW: soybean–wheat, and MW: maize–wheat) and three N fertilization rates (N0: 0 kg N ha–1, N1: 125 kg N ha–1, and N2: 225 kg N ha–1) on the soil N accumulation, grain yield (GY), and N utilization during the winter wheat season in a semi-humid region. Our findings showed that the soil N accumulation, dry matter accumulation (DMA), GY, and NUE were highest for wheat under SW, where the GY and NUE for winter wheat were 19.29 % and 46.42 % higher than the average values under FW and MW, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, the soil N accumulation and GY for winter wheat both increased significantly under FW and MW as the N fertilization rate increased (P < 0.05). However, with SW, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the winter wheat GY under SWN1 compared with SWN2, but the residual soil N (NO3–-N and NH4+-N) decreased by 16.59 % and NUE increased by 76.19 %. In conclusion, SW combined with reduced N fertilization in a double-cropping system can enhance the subsequent winter wheat yield and NUE in semi-humid regions by increasing the accumulation and supply of soil N

Soil treatment is one of the most energy-intensive agricultural processes. While power take-off (PTO)-powered rotary tillage tools are widely used due to their operational advantages, their energy efficiency requires enhancement. A new PTO-powered rotary tillage tool was designed, with cutting blades inclined at angle β to prevent soil mass accumulation due to soil sliding along the blades, thereby enhancing energy efficiency and tillage quality. A kinematic model was developed to analyze the tool’s motion trajectories. Theoretical analysis substantiated the optimal inclination angle β = 38–42° and elliptical-profile edge configuration of the cutting blades. During field experiments for performance evaluation, the angle of attack was in the range 20° < α < 40°, and the kinematic coefficient varied in the range 1.0 < η < 1.21 in 0.07 increments. Results demonstrated that draught force and torque reduced by 1.3–1.5 and 1.1–1.4 times, respectively, with an increasing kinematic coefficient. Minimal specific total power requirements of 4.5–4.7 kW/m were obtained at the optimal kinematic coefficient, η = 1.14–1.21, and angle of attack, α = 40°. Compared to base ring tillage discs, the new design reduces total power requirements by 14–16%. Furthermore, it provides required tillage quality: soil pulverization ≥ 80%, weed cutting ≥ 97%, crop residue retention ≥ 60%, and roughness of the field soil surface ≤ 3 cm.

Soil compaction is a pivotal factor influencing crop growth and yield, and its accurate assessment is imperative for precision agricultural management. Soil mechanical resistance is the key indicator of soil compaction, with accurate measurement enabling precise assessment. Dynamic soil mechanical resistance measurement outperforms conventional manual fixed-point sampling in data acquisition efficiency. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for the dynamic acquisition of soil mechanical resistance using a flexible thin-film pressure sensor. This study dynamically captures soil mechanical resistance at three depths (5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm) under dynamic machinery operating conditions. A device was designed for the detection of soil mechanical resistance, and a prediction model for soil mechanical resistance was developed based on the Kalman filter algorithm. Tests were conducted under steady-state and variable-load conditions, and the predicted values accurately tracked the reference pressure. Soil tank trials showed that at an operating speed of 0.69–0.72 km/h, the average prediction errors for the three soil layers were 2.03%, 1.48%, and 6.27%, with the coefficient of determination (R2) between predicted and measured values reaching 0.96. The system effectively predicts multi-depth soil resistance, providing novel theoretical and technical approaches for dynamic acquisition

Featured Application: The results of this work may be used for the development of methods for processing complex mineral raw materials containing different valuable metals. The possibility of applying the complex hydrometallurgical approach, which includes stages of alkaline sulfide leaching (ASL) and ferric leaching, for copper and zinc extraction from substandard sulfide concentrates containing chalcopyrite, tennantite, sphalerite, and pyrite was studied. Ferric leaching was performed under different conditions (temperature, Fe3+ concentrations, pulp densities). It was shown that Cu and Zn extraction increased when temperature was increased from 50 to 90 °C, while increasing Fe3+ concentration from 5 to 20 g/L did not lead to an increase in metal extraction. Sulfide leaching pretreatment led to the destruction of tennantite and elimination of arsenic from the concentrates, which, in turn, allowed higher copper extraction to be achieved during the ferric leaching. Thus, it was shown that two-stage leaching including the stages of sulfide leaching and ferric leaching may be successfully used for copper and zinc extraction from substandard sulfide concentrates as sulfide leaching allows tennantite disruption and increased copper leaching. Thus, a novel combined approach based on known hydrometallurgical techniques was developed, and it may be used for the treatment of specific mineral raw materials (copper concentrates containing tennantite with high As and Zn contents).

The purpose of this work was to obtain specialized enrichment cultures from an original extreme acidophilic consortium of extremely acidophilic microorganisms and to study their microbial community composition and biotechnological potential. At temperatures of 25, 35, 40 and 50 °C, distinct enrichments of extremely acidophilic microorganisms used in the processes of bioleaching sulfide ores were obtained using nutrient media containing ferrous sulfate, elemental sulfur and a copper sulfide concentrate as nutrient inorganic substrates, with and without the addition of 0.02% yeast extract. The microbial community composition was studied using the sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA genes. The different growth conditions led to changes in the microbial composition and relative abundance of mesophilic and moderately thermophilic, strict autotrophic and mixotrophic microorganisms in members of the genera Acidithiobacillus, Sulfobacillus, Leptospirillum, Acidibacillus, Ferroplasma and Cuniculiplasma. The dynamics of the oxidation of ferrous iron, sulfur, and sulfide minerals (pyrite and chalcopyrite) by the enrichments was also studied in the temperature range of 25 to 50 °C. The study of enrichment cultures using the molecular biological method using the metabarcoding method of variable V3–24 V4 fragments of 16S rRNA genes showed that enrichment cultures obtained under different conditions differed in composition, which can be explained by differences in the physiological properties of the identified microorganisms. Regarding the dynamics of the oxidation of ferrous ions, sulfur, and sulfide minerals (pyrite and chalcopyrite), each enrichment culture was studied at a temperature range of 25 to 50 °C and indicated that all obtained enrichments were capable of oxidizing ferrous iron, sulfur and minerals at different rates. The obtained enrichment cultures may be used in further work to increase bioleaching by using the suitable inoculum for the temperature and process conditions.

Ensuring the safety and extending the shelf life of chilled poultry meat is vital in modern poultry meat production, particularly given the recent increase in demand in this area. Chilled meat has a short shelf life, so producers have limited time to sell their products and must rely on various methods of extending shelf life. Compared with other non-thermal methods, electron beam irradiation is a new non-thermal meat preservation technique with low cost, avoidance of contamination, and antibacterial effects. In this study, we investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation on the microbiological and physicochemical quality of chilled poultry meat produced in Kazakhstan to assess its suitability for use in local food processing systems. The samples were electron-beam-treated at doses of 2, 4, 6, and 8 kGy and stored in a refrigerator. Microbiological and physicochemical property evaluations were carried out for a period of 14 days. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease in total aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and no detectable levels of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the irradiated samples. The pH measurements remained stable at low doses; in comparison, higher doses resulted in a slight decrease. Moisture, protein, fat, and ash content were also evaluated and showed minimal changes as functions of irradiation dose. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation, particularly at a dose of 2–4 kGy, effectively improves microbiological safety and extends the shelf life of chilled poultry meat up to 5–6 days, making it a promising solution for the modern poultry meat industry.

Aim. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of utilizing virtual museums in the context of students’ study of history. Methods. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted among history students from leading universities in Kazakhstan, such as Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, and L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The article also shows the educational potential of the virtual archaeological museum of the Kazan Federal University, which allows for a more detailed study of the early period of the Middle Volga region. Results and conclusions. As a result of the research, 82% of students noted that virtual museums provide sufficient information for successful history learning. Regarding student engagement in the learning process using virtual museums, an average score of 7.4 out of 10 was recorded, indicating a high level of student interest in applying this teaching method. Furthermore, 91% of respondents believe that virtual museums contribute to a more captivating study of history, emphasising the importance of utilizing technology to create engaging educational environments.

Two important factors contributing to oil revenues in Kazakhstan are the agricultural and industrial production sectors. This study examines the asymmetric effects of variability in these sectors on oil revenues. The analysis was conducted using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model. In this model, oil revenues are represented as a ratio of oil revenues to GDP, while industrial and agricultural productions are represented by the industrial production index and the agricultural production index, respectively. The asymmetric effect refers to the differing impacts that positive or negative shocks in industrial or agricultural production have on oil revenues. Using annual data from 1992 to 2023, the study found that industrial production had statistically significant effects on oil revenues in the short term; however, this effect did not persist in the long term. In contrast, agricultural production demonstrated significant effects on oil revenues in both the short and long term, with notable seasonal differences in the impacts of short-term positive and negative shocks. Additionally, the error correction model indicated that both production sectors had asymmetric effects that led to deviations from expected oil revenues. In conclusion, the findings of this research highlight the significant role that production sectors play in explaining fluctuations in oil revenues.

Accurate electricity consumption forecasting is critical for optimizing energy management and ensuring grid stability. This study uses advanced machine learning techniques to enhance electricity consumption forecasting in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research analyzes historical electricity consumption data from 2002 to 2022. Considering seasonal and temporal dependencies. Various forecasting models, including Holt-Winters, Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, are applied and compared in terms of accuracy and reliability. The results indicate that while traditional statistical models effectively capture seasonal patterns, machine learning-based approaches, particularly LSTM, demonstrate superior performance in identifying complex nonlinear trends. The study discusses the practical implications of accurate electricity consumption forecasting for energy management, demand-side optimization, and policymaking. The findings contribute to developing intelligent analytical frameworks for improving energy efficiency and sustainability in Kazakhstan’s power sector. This study enhances electricity consumption forecasting in Kazakhstan using machine learning models, improving accuracy and energy management. Scientifically, it advances predictive analytics in power systems. Practically, it aids grid stability and demand planning. And sustainability. Internationally, the findings contribute to global forecasting methodologies, benefiting energy sectors worldwide. LSTM outperforms traditional models, offering robust solutions for dynamic electricity demand. This study uses advanced machine learning techniques to improve electricity consumption forecasting in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Historical monthly data from 2002 to 2022 were collected from the National Statistics Bureau. We compared statistical models (Holt-Winters, SARIMA) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. Results show that while classical methods effectively capture seasonal trends, LSTM more accurately models nonlinearities and longer-term dependencies. The implications include enhanced planning for energy providers and policymakers, leading to better demand-side management and grid stability. Our findings contribute to developing intelligent forecasting systems in Kazakhstan’s power sector and provide an example for other regions with similar energy challenges.

This study analysed the financial mechanisms that stimulate the development of the export potential of agricultural products in order to strengthen Kazakhstan's position in global markets. It examined the role of the agricultural sector in the country’s economic development and the factors influencing its competitiveness in international trade. To assess the sector’s export potential, key financial instruments were evaluated, including government subsidy programmes, tax incentives, and export risk insurance mechanisms. The analysis highlighted the role of specialised financial institutions – such as Agrocredit Corporation and KazAgroFinance – which provide farmers with access to credit and leasing for production modernisation and export development. The influence of infrastructure, particularly transport and logistics corridors, on the cost and timeliness of agricultural deliveries was also considered. Technological advancement in the agro-industrial sector was identified as a critical factor in export growth. In addition, the importance of government policies aimed at improving macroeconomic stability, managing currency risks, and developing financial institutions is emphasised. The study presented data on the dynamics of Kazakhstan’s agricultural exports, which grew from USD 2.1 billion in 2015 to USD 5.1 billion in 2024. Despite positive trends, challenges remain, including yield instability, limited processing capacity, and high transportation costs. Particular attention is given to exports to China, which rose from USD 351 million in 2019 to USD 954 million in 2023. The key findings underlined the necessity of expanding financial support tools, such as concessional loans, export risk insurance, and subsidies for transportation costs. Strategic investments in agricultural processing, new export corridors, and the digitalisation of certification procedures will further enhance Kazakhstan’s competitiveness in global markets and support continued export growth in the agricultural sector.

The crossroads period of XIX – early XX centuries became one of the turning points in the history of the Kazakh people, when a whole pleiad of intellectuals, who devoted their activities to the development of their own people, were nominated from their environment. A category of Kazakh employees was formed, who occupying certain positions in the system of administration, showed themselves as conscientious workers, which is reflected in their characteristics. Being on administrative work, these employees start realization of their own projects on development of education, economy and in other social spheres. This initiative was included in the orbit of their public activities, which required certain intellectual, financial, organizational and other expenses. For example, the famous educator I. Altynsarin devoted himself to the organization of the education system for the Kazakh population, receiving support from various social strata of society. Such ascetic activity was based on the realization of the evolutionary path of development, with the main financial resources coming from the patronage initiative of the local population, which actively participated in such actions. Subsequently, many graduates of the schools organized by Altynsarin established themselves in the pedagogical field, becoming well-known in the professional and public spheres. Some of his students become a number of patrons of the arts, supporting or creating social projects on a permanent basis. One of the interesting personalities of the period under study was M. Karabayev, a professional doctor who volunteered to go to Yakutia to fight an epidemic, for which he received public recognition among the local population. Thus, Kazakh employees were an example not only in professional, but also in social activities.

In recent years, Kazakhstan has faced the problem of sustainable development in the field of operation of a number of reservoirs: periods of drought lead to a systematic decrease in accumulated fresh water reserves, and the flood of 2024 led to the flooding of a number of settlements. The article raises questions about the real state of the region’s reservoirs (using the example of the Karatomar reservoir), the accuracy of the conducted bathymetric studies, and the correctness of estimating the required step (or distance between the control points being taken) of the tacks (trajectory lines) of the measurement, which was carried out using the Apache 3 bathymetric drone. The study of the patterns of modeling accuracy from the frequency of tacks (trajectory lines) was carried out using kriging methods. Reservoir models were built in QGis and Surfe. When analyzing the coastline, Sentinel-2 space images and Kazvodkhoz (Kazakhstani state enterprise) data were used. The result of the study was an algorithm for determining the step of tacks (trajectory lines) for modern bottom geomorphology. The conducted research has shown that over 78 years of use, the reservoir’s parameters have undergone significant changes. A similar situation of significant deterioration in parameters is characteristic of other hydrotechnical structures in the region.

Akhmet Baitursynov is an outstanding representative of the Kazakh intellectual of the early 20th century, an educator, a philologist, and a prominent public and a statesman. Baitursynov's teaching career began as an ordinary teacher in a village school in 1895. For 14 years, from 1895 to 1909, he worked in the pedagogical field in the education system of the Turgay regions. In 1897-1898, Baitursynov taught at the Auliekol volost school of the Amankaragay volost of the Turgay district. Two years later, in 1900, he was assigned the functions of a teacher at the Urunbaev school. A. Baitursynov taught the Kazakh language at this educational institution. During the entire period of his teaching activity, he was engaged in self-education and literary creativity. In Kustanai Baitursynov had public recognition and actively interacted with with A. Alektorov, who was an inspector of public schools in the Turgai region. A. Baitursynov's teaching activities in various educational institutions contributed to his personal development and growth as an innovative teacher, a public leader and a progressive person. This period should rightfully be assessed as an important page in the biography of one of the brightest representatives of the Kazakh public of the study period.

The study aims to analyse the key factors affecting grain production in Kazakhstan to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency and sustainability of the agricultural sector. Statistical methods and econometric modelling techniques were used, including the least squares method with heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation robust errors and autoregression with external factors for time series analysis. These methods were used to estimate the impact of various internal and external factors on the gross grain harvest. The analysis demonstrated that grain yields depend on a variety of factors, such as innovations in agricultural technology, climatic conditions and economic policy. The identified factors were grouped with measurable indicators for each, which became the basis for building models. The study determined that the autoregressive model is more suitable for describing the impact on the dependent variable – grain harvest. The most influential indicators are yields and research and development costs. The results of the study can be used to adjust agricultural policy and strategies for agricultural development in Kazakhstan. Proposals for optimising land use and integrating modern agricultural technologies will increase productivity and reduce the impact of negative factors.

Precision agriculture based on differentiated dosing of seeds and mineral fertilisers allows for enhancing soil fertility while simultaneously increasing crop yields and reducing production costs. The purpose of study is to increase the efficiency of differentiated dosing of seeds and mineral fertilisers. By determining the intra-field variability of nutrient elements, it has been revealed that the content of mobile nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and carbon (CO2) in the arable layer varies widely within one field. Based on the data obtained, the maps of the distribution of nutrients were constructed. The research tests of the drill seeder with the control and monitoring unit of seed metering device were conducted in this field conditions, and the results were processed using the method of variational statistics. The analysis of the assessment of agrotechnical performance of the seeder shows that the values of the unevenness of sowing between devices and the instability of total sowing (in the coefficients of variations, %) meet agrotechnical requirements. It was revealed that the seeder allows for smooth adjustment, reduces time, and increases the range of seeding rate and dosing of seeding material. The obtained data confirm the effectiveness of the seeder for differentiated dosing of seeding material in precision agriculture.

The increasing number of owned and stray dogs in large cities is becoming a pressing issue due to rising population densities, urban conditions, and poor control over animal reproduction. This situation poses serious epidemiological risks, as dogs can act as reservoirs and transmitters of infectious and parasitic diseases dangerous to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and carriage of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray dogs in the city of Uralsk as a factor of epidemiological risk. In 2024, 1213 stray dogs were captured from different city districts and examined at the veterinary clinic and laboratory of Zhangir Khan University. Biological samples (blood, urine, feces) from 10% of the animals were analyzed using molecular (PCR), serological (ELISA), and helminthological methods. Serological and molecular analyses revealed the widespread circulation of bacterial pathogens. Antibodies to additional bacterial agents, including Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Leptospira spp., were detected in the samples, indicating an unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in the urban environment. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) identified antibodies against Toxocara canis in 50.9% of the dogs and against Echinococcus granulosus in 76.4%, reflecting both active and past infections. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results showed the presence of Brucella canis DNA in blood and urine samples, while antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in 57.8% of the examined dogs, underscoring the significant zooanthroponotic importance of this pathogen and its potential threat to human health. Additionally, T. canis DNA was found in 39.2% of the samples and E. granulosus DNA in 16.6%. A helminthological examination using the Fülleborn method revealed a high rate of helminth infection: Ancylostoma caninum—35.3%, T. canis—32.3%, and Toxascaris leonina—29.4%. The obtained results highlight the significant role of stray dogs as epizootiological and epidemiological reservoirs of zooanthroponotic infections. This poses a serious threat to public health and necessitates the implementation of effective control and prevention measures for infectious and parasitic diseases within urban fauna.

The Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was a vast state in terms of territory and multinational in terms of population, which imposed certain features on the processes of administrative management. The key figures in the management system were the governors of regions and provinces, who, on the one hand, were direct representatives of the supreme power at the local level, on the other hand, they, heading the local government, took on the role of an administrator to resolve pressing issues. The article attempts to analyze the views of the regional governors of the Turgai region on the management of the Kazakh population. The authors used documents from the archives of Russia and Kazakhstan. The materials of the governors' reports became the main historical source. The adaptive practices of local authorities of the Turgai region on the management of Kazakh nomadic volosts are studied taking into account such current methodological areas of focus as new social history, new imperial history. The authors analyzed the views and proposals of regional governors to understand the mechanisms for implementing the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts, in particular on the territory of the Turgai region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The authors conclude that the Turgai regional governors were fully aware of most of the shortcomings in the management of the region associated with local characteristics, covered them in their reports and made efforts to solve these problems.

This study investigates the virulence properties and pathogenetic characteristics of the Kazakhstani strain of LSDV (LSDV KZ-Kostanay-2018) in indigenous cattle under controlled conditions. Twelve non-breed cattle were inoculated intradermally and monitored for clinical, pathological, and immunological responses. Clinical signs, including fever, skin nodules, and lymphadenopathy, emerged as early as day 5 post-infection (pi), with peak severity observed between days 11 and 14. Rapid seroconversion was observed, with 100% of animals showing virus-neutralizing antibodies by day 13. Pathological findings revealed extensive necrosis, thrombosis, and edema, with pronounced damage in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes. Histological analyses identified widespread destructive changes in the dermis and systemic tissues, consistent with highly aggressive disease progression. Viral genome and replication were confirmed in blood, skin nodules, and lymph nodes, with peak viral loads between days 11 and 14 pi. These results align with findings in Russian cattle infected with the Saratov/2017 strain but demonstrate more rapid symptom onset and severe pathology, suggesting strain-specific virulence. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of LSDV pathogenesis and underscore the importance of regional adaptations in disease management.

Camel milk has demonstrated robust immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in various clinical and experimental studies. However, no previous studies have characterized the cellular immunological effects of camel milk in the context of allergic asthma. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the protective effects of camel milk in house dust mite induced asthma in mice, which emulate human pulmonary inflammation. Female BALB/c mice aged 8- to 10-week-old were intranasally sensitized with vehicle or HDM in 2.5 µl (5 µg) per nostril, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. On day 22, mice received an HDM challenge by a large volume but low dose into the lung (5 µg in 50µl) using intranasal inoculation. Using oral gavage technique, CM/ HDM group mice received 0.5 ml of camel milk or vehicle five times a week, starting a day prior to sensitization. On day 23 following HDM challenge, mice were exposed to serial challenges with 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg/ml aerosolized methacholine to measure lung dynamics. Furthermore, BALF and whole lung samples were harvested to examine pulmonary inflammation. Camel milk effectively inhibited both HDM-induced infiltration of eosinophils and AHR. In addition to this, camel milk downregulates the number of pulmonary Th2 and Th17 cells and suppressed CCL17 expression in whole lung homogenates. Furthermore, camel milk reduced HDM-induced IL-4 and IL-13 expression following in vitro restimulation of pulmonary T cell subsets. Additionally, camel milk suppressed total concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in the lung. These results corroborate the asthma-preventive potential of camel milk and highlight the significance of diminished local concentrations of Th2- associated cytokines. In the present study, the observed downregulation of asthma progression by camel milk suggests its potential health benefits; however, further experimental and controlled clinical trials are needed before it can be considered a supplementary approach for allergic asthma management.

The study aimed to investigate the functional-pragmatic and communicative-pragmatic use of morphological and syntactic diminutive resources of Kazakh and English in the example of artistic contexts. The following methods were used: comparative-comparative, morphological-syntactic, communicative-pragmatic, analytical-synthetic, and contextual. This paper analysed the main morphological and syntactic resources used for word formation of diminutive adjectives in Kazakh and English languages. In particular, the results of the study showed that synthetic means (use of suffixal morphemes with diminutive semantics) and analytical means (use of special lexemes with diminutive semantics) are frequent in Kazakh. It was determined that suffixal morphemes to express the diminutiveness of adjectives were most often used to warn addressees about the properties of objects and phenomena, to soften categorical evaluation in Kazakh, to diminish the attributes of the object, to demonstrate the incompleteness of the attribute in English. This work can be used in the spheres of communicative linguistics, linguistic pragmatics, word formation, and morphology.

The research addresses the need for innovative learning methods to develop competencies in future specialists, driven by rapid digitalization and globalization of social relations. The work aims to study the technologies of virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in the context of developing the information and communication competencies of future teachers. Logical analysis, functional analysis, abstraction, deduction, and induction were utilized. The objects of the study were characterized, their key features were determined, and their role in the formation and development of information and communication competencies was identified. It was noted that using VR and AR technologies in the modern digital age is crucial for enhancing information literacy, communication competence, and motivation in the learning process. During the experiment, which involved senior students, namely 81 students from Kostanay Engineering and Economics University named after M. Dulatov and 60 students from U. Sultangazin Pedagogical Institute, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, a program using VR and AR technologies was developed and implemented. It was found that the level of communication competencies at the optimal indicator increased by 40%, and the learning efficiency increased by 31%. The study highlights the importance of structured training in enhancing communication competence and digital readiness among future educators in Kazakhstan. It suggests that teachers need to develop digital competencies, especially in using VR and AR technologies, to adapt to modern educational demands. This research enhances teacher education by equipping educators with essential digital skills for effective teaching.

Rabies remains a significant public health and economic concern in Kazakhstan, particularly in rural livestock-farming communities. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) related to rabies among livestock farmers in the Aktobe and Oral regions of West Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and August 2022, involving 688 randomly selected participants. The data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that 89% of respondents were aware of rabies, yet significant knowledge gaps existed regarding clinical signs, transmission, and prevention. While 87% recognized the importance of rabies vaccination in dogs, 81% were unaware of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for cattle, and 72% lacked knowledge of PrEP for humans. Awareness of the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen was significantly higher in the Aktobe region (p < 0.002). Attitudinal differences were observed, with the Oral region participants exhibiting more favorable perceptions of rabies control programs (p < 0.01). Additionally, the χ2 test revealed that the proportion of female respondents (p < 0.02), those with school-aged dependents (p < 0.003), respondents owning both exotic and indigenous cattle breeds (p < 0.002), and those possessing more than five cattle (p < 0.025) was statistically different in the Oral region. Practices such as free grazing, lack of protective equipment use, and improper carcass disposal were identified as potential risk factors for rabies transmission. This study highlights the need for targeted educational initiatives to improve rabies awareness and promote safer livestock management practices. Enhancing veterinary surveillance, strengthening community engagement, and expanding vaccination efforts could mitigate rabies transmission risks.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ritual function of vessels with lids found in burials and altars of the Bronze Age of Kazakhstan. The study covers data from 44 sites from the Middle and Late Bronze Age to the Final Bronze Age (21th–8th centuries BC). The main attention is paid to the study of chronological and cultural aspects of the distribution of vessels with lids, mainly found in children’s burials. On the basis of the analysis of archaeological and ethnographic data, the hypothesis explaining the use of lids in rituals aimed at disarming forces hostile to man is proposed. The significance of vessels with lids went beyond the simple protection of their contents, reflecting the cultural and social ideas of ancient societies. Prospects for further research are related to the reconstruction of the contents of the vessels, as well as a deeper study of the cultural context of this ritual.

This article aims to describe the value priorities of Kazakhstani student youth and explore their relationship with traditions, the culture of ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, state ideological attitudes, and the influence of external cultures. This paper addresses the impact of the multinational environment and globalization on the formation of values among students in Kazakhstan. This article analyzes empirical data collected through a mixed-methods questionnaire, developed in accordance with the well-known value measurement methodologies of M. Rokeach and Sh. Schwartz. The results show that although traditional values remain significant, the growing exposure of young people to global influences and socio-political changes indicates a dynamic evolution of their value system, reflecting both continuity and changes in the cultural landscape of Kazakhstan. The key value for Kazakhstani students is family, which suggests sufficient harmony in the life models chosen by these students. The significance of this study lies in its potential to contribute to the establishment of a system of relations in which different cultures can engage in dialogue, preserve their historical trajectories, and maintain mutual respect among representatives of diverse ethnicities and social groups. This study also holds implications for the development of legislative mechanisms aimed at respecting Kazakhstan’s national interests in international communication.

Plastic waste management is a critical challenge worldwide, influenced by the socio–economic conditions and policy frameworks of individual countries. This study evaluates the plastic waste management practices in two cities, Kostanay, Kazakhstan, and Plovdiv, Bulgaria, through a comparative analysis of household waste data, recycling systems, and legislative frameworks. The cities are similar in their main features, but the practice of plastic waste management is developed to varying degrees. In the period from 2017 to 2023, the population of Plovdiv decreased by 6.77% and the amount of municipal waste decreased by 3.55%. In Kostanay during 2021–2023, the population of the city increased by about 5%, and the amount of waste generated by more than 25%. Using morphological analysis and municipal records, this research identifies gaps in current practices and explores actionable strategies for enhancing plastic waste recycling. The qualitative analysis of the practice of urban plastic waste management shows that, compared to Plovdiv, the Kazakh city has underused the managerial and technological capabilities in the process of developing the plastic waste management industry and the transition to a circular economy. This study highlights the potential for implementing circular economy principles in both cities, with targeted recommendations to address existing challenges and maximize waste treatment and recycling. In Plovdiv, thermochemical processes for recycling plastic waste into new products are promising, while in Kostanay, mechanical methods for optimizing waste collection and transportation are promising.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the quality of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle in young suckling rams of the Kamieniec breed administered a probiotic preparation. Beginning at 11 days of age, lambs in the experimental group received an aqueous solution of the tested probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum - 2 serotypes, Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus raminosus) per os for 30 days. The dose of the probiotic was adjusted for lamb age: 11–20 days - 1 g, 21–30 days - 2 g, 31–40 days - 3 g. The viable count per g of the probiotic was 109 CFU. At the end of the experiment, lambs of the control (C, n = 6) and experimental (E, n = 6) groups were slaughtered, and samples of their LTL muscles were subjected to analyses. In group E, the LTL muscle had a lower (P ≤ 0.05) pH value, and a lower (P ≤ 0.05) contribution of yellowness (b*) to the color. A sensory analysis of lamb meat in group E revealed its lower (P ≤ 0.05) juiciness, and a tendency (P > 0.05) towards higher desirability of aroma and taste, lower intensity of these attributes, and higher tenderness. In group E, intramuscular fat (IMF) was characterized by higher (P ≤ 0.05) proportions of fatty acid C18:1 cis9 and total MUFAs, a higher (P ≤ 0.05) MUFA/SFA ratio, and higher (P ≤ 0.05) nutritional value. In group C, IMF had higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of fatty acids C18:3 and C20:1. The results of this study indicate that 30-day supplementation with the tested probiotic improves meat quality in very young lambs of the Kamieniec breed.

Bottom sediments play a crucial role in the environmental and agricultural management of freshwater reservoirs, acting as repositories for organic matter, chemical elements, and potential pollutants. This study investigates the chemical and granulometric composition of bottom sediments in the Verkhnetobolskoe and Karatomarskoe reservoirs in North Kazakhstan, focusing on the relationships between sediment particle sizes, organic matter, and heavy metal content. Sediment and water samples were collected during winter under ice-covered conditions using specialized sampling equipment and analyzed with advanced spectrometric and analytical methods. The study reveals significant correlations between fine-grained sediment fractions (<0.16mm) and the accumulation of organic matter and heavy metals, including cobalt, arsenic, and chromium, which exceeded permissible concentration limits. These findings underscore the ecological importance of fine sediment fractions as adsorptive sites for pollutants. The study concludes with methodological recommendations for sediment quality assessment and provides baseline data for environmental monitoring and agricultural planning in temperate freshwater ecosystems.

Chernozem soils, known for their high organic matter and fertility, are crucial for agricultural productivity in northern Kazakhstan's Kostanay region. This study evaluated the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these soils to assess their suitability for crop production and propose sustainable management practices. Soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depths across various locations to represent the region's main nutrient profile. Physical analyses included texture determination, while chemical analyses measured pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, and nutrient levels (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) using standard methods. Biological assessments focused on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), basal soil respiration (BSR), dehydrogenase and catalase activities, as well as Cmic: Corg and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) ratios. Results indicated high organic matter content (mean 4.49%), sufficient total nitrogen (>0.25%), and high levels of potassium and calcium. However, phosphorus levels were low (<8 mg kg⁻¹), marking it as a key limiting nutrient. Biological analysis revealed robust microbial activity, with high catalase activity supporting aerobic processes, but low Cmic: Corg and qCO₂ values suggested limited microbial biomass, potentially slowing organic matter decomposition. This trait, while preserving organic matter, may restrict nutrient mineralization, impacting crop nutrient availability. Based on these findings, we recommend prioritizing phosphorus and potassium fertilization integrated with organic matter management to balance nutrient levels and enhance crop productivity. The application of liquid or solid organic or organomineral fertilizers is suggested to maintain soil organic matter and promote sustainable practices. Additionally, foliar applications of manganese and iron, along with nitrogen supplementation, are recommended to address micronutrient deficiencies and support plant growth. Overall, sustainable management of Chernozem soils in Kostanay requires balanced nutrient management, organic matter preservation, and targeted micronutrient interventions to ensure long-term fertility and productivity.

The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse the factors influencing the successful implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in digital public relations (PR). This study examined the experience and practices used in the United States of America, and their application in Kazakhstan. Key results include an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings and current trends in the use of AI in PR, including areas such as media monitoring and data analysis, content creation, task automation, advertisement targeting, and measurement of results. Special attention was paid to the factors contributing to the successful integration of AI, such as the technological base, financial and material resources, qualified specialists, ethical and legal issues, awareness of AI capabilities, strategic implementation planning, data processing and management, and corporate culture and adaptation. A comparative analysis of the implementation of AI technologies in Kazakhstan and the United States showed differences and similarities in approaches and conditions. The study examined practical examples of successful AI applications, including the experience of International Business Machines, Edelman, Microsoft, and examples from the activities of Weber Shandwick (USA) and Kaspi Bank (Kazakhstan). These cases demonstrate the achievements and advantages of integrating AI technologies in the field of PR. The conclusions emphasise the need to improve digital literacy, increase investments in technology and active international cooperation for the successful implementation of AI in digital PR in Kazakhstan.

In order to maintain the technical leadership of the economic sector in any nation, there is currently a greater focus on guaranteeing the fail-safe operation of electrical networks and electrical equipment. This paper presents a model for evaluating the fault location procedure based on computer simulation in MATLAB/Simulink of complex 6(10)-35 kV power line systems. The proposed algorithm for preprocessing electrical network signals in normal and emergency modes uses a negative statistical correlation of all possible electrical parameters, while the resulting percentage errors when estimating the location of the fault are within acceptable limits. Algorithms and significant parameters have been determined for effectively carrying out the procedure for searching for the location of a fault through the use of modeling programs, namely: zero-sequence voltage, negative-sequence voltage, initial current value. and the positive sequence voltage is the transition resistance at the accident site. An assessment of the results of preliminary modeling may indicate that devices for finding the location of a fault in the 6(10)-35 kV electrical network will be able to use information obtained about the object using the developed methodology, adjust calculation algorithms and take into account the operating modes of the electrical network.

Effective conservation of migratory birds requires gathering of information about their population trends, often acquired using migratory bird counts. These schemes ideally operate at migratory bottlenecks, through which a significant portion of the counted migratory populations is funneled. Yet it is rare to validate the conservation value of the data from these counts. Here we perform this validation using GPS tracking data collected from two migratory species during their movement over two count schemes: the globally endangered steppe eagle counted in Eilat, Israel, and the black kite, counted in Batumi, Georgia. We use tracking data to answer two questions: which populations are counted and what affects the probability that a given individual will be counted. Our results illustrate variability in the effectiveness of these two migratory bird counting schemes. Considering the goal of estimating population trends, we show that Eilat does not represent a good location for understanding population trends of steppe eagles, while Batumi appears to provide better information on demographic trends of black kites. We further present differences in annual and individual variability, evidence regarding the breeding area origins of the counted populations and effects of environmental factors on the raptors' routes and, consequently, on the probabilities of being counted. Beyond the direct implications of our results, this study provides an example of using telemetry data to parameterize inference from bird counts. Further coupling of migratory bird count data and GPS data can improve our understanding of migration ecology and the conservation of migratory species.

This study investigates the deliberate use of visual metaphors on a university website. The research material comprises images featured in thematic sections related to lifelong learning (LLL). Special attention is given to the viewpoint as a marker of deliberate-ness in visual metaphor and a key element in constructing the connotation of the image. The objective of this research is to unveil the interpretative function of the viewpoint in photographs depicting lifelong learning. The analytical methodology is based on a combination of methods and techniques derived from theories of conceptual, primary, and deliberate metaphors, adapted for the purposes of this study. It is established that the upward-pointing perspective in visual messages about lifelong learning serves as a means to convey qualitative characteristics of the interactions between the central figures in the images. Through examples, it is demonstrated that the target domain of LIFELONG LEARNING is represented using the source domain of INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. It is found that, based on universal knowledge of the value of social connections and emotional support, the authors of the images intentionally activate the metaphorical projection UNIVERSITY — PEOPLE WHO UNDERSTAND THE ADULT STUDENT. Furthermore, it is revealed that manipulation of the viewpoint generates the phenomenon of reverse metaphorization and leads to an inversion of conceptual domains (ADULT STUDENTS — UNIVERSITY).

The article addresses the interaction of the steppe (Mahanjar) and forest (Boborykinо) Neolithic populations at the Sulukol 1 settlement. The settlement is located in Turgai (Northern Kazakhstan). As part of the study, a technical and typological analysis of stone implements using binocular microscopy and a technical and technological analysis of a ceramic collection using petrographic analysis and binocular microscopy were carried out. The main result of the work was the conclusion that the ensemble of finds deposited at the Sulukol 1 site demonstrates common features of the stone industry and pottery techniques of the Neolithic of Turgai and the Trans-Urals. At the same time, there are a number of features that suggest some syncretic nature of the Sulukol materials, due to the interaction of the Turgai and Trans-Urals Neolithic. The nature of these interactions, most likely, has a socio-cultural aspect, expressed in the creation of mixed family and marriage groups.

Introduction. The article highlights the history of the arrest (due to political unreliability) and subsequent expulsion of the head of the Karkaraly Russian-Kyrgyz school, the famous Kazakh poet and literary figure Akhmet Baitursynov. Methods and materials. The authors introduce into scientific circulation the materials of the Omsk Gendarme Department from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Analysis and results. After the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Russian Empire, A. Baitursynov, based on the real socio-political situation, took an active part in the public life of the Steppe region and was intensively engaged in scientific, educational, and literary activities. At the same time, he carried out propaganda to protect the rights of the Kazakh population, taking part in a petition campaign, which, despite non-violent forms of struggle, came into conflict with the official order. The purpose of this study was to highlight the history of the establishment of police supervision over A. Baitursynov with the identification of the reasons for the increased attention to his personality on the part of the police department. Authors' contributions. D. Legkiy studied the corpus of documents of the Omsk Gendarmerie Directorate from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, showed the forms and methods of political investigation by the gendarmerie and police authorities using the example of the activities of A. Baitursynov, assessed the role of the Omsk Gendarme Department in supervising politically unreliable persons, formulated conclusions and summed up the results scientific work done. Ye. Ibraev analyzed the historiography of the issue, reconstructed the biographical data of the leaders of the Omsk Gendarme Department, and compiled a scientific reference apparatus for the work.

The role of STEM education in the development perspectives centred on the needs for self-fulfilment of both individuals and the community as a whole is highly significant. It enables the preparation of future educators by integrating key approaches: the personalisation of education, a focus on project-based thinking and teamwork, and a blended learning format. Our attention is particularly directed towards the issue of renewable energy sources, as one of the most actively discussed topics worldwide and in Kazakhstan, in particular.

Against the backdrop of ongoing terrorist threats and uncontrolled migration flows, there is increased interest in biometric human recognition technology and barcoding technology combined with it. As a possible solution, a biometric access system is proposed, designed to implement three main urgent tasks–automatic registration of people crossing the border; recording registration information in a special biometric database; checking registration information and facial image on the database of wanted people. Effective biometric systems combine verification and identification tasks to increase the reliability of person identification and comparison with reference data sets. In the course of the study, various methods of information processing with its subsequent encoding were considered and analyzed, and the experience of previous systems of this type was investigated. As a result of the study, the effectiveness of using the latest biometric technologies in the migration sphere and in law enforcement agencies for the effective search of offenders has been substantiated. This paper will be useful as a material for further study of facial recognition technology and the integration of QR into the field of biometrics.

Imbalanced medical datasets significantly impair the performance of diagnostic models by biasing predictions towards majority classes. This study introduces DGAN-WP-TL, a multi-domain generative adversarial network that integrates Wasserstein loss with gradient penalty, VGG19-based perceptual regularisation, and transfer learning to generate high-quality synthetic medical images across three modalities: BUSI ultrasound, CBIS-DDSM mammography, and Alzheimer MRI. Quantitative evaluation shows that DGAN-WP-TL achieves substantial improvements over StyleGAN2 on BUSI and Alzheimer MRI datasets, reducing KID from 0.3797 to 0.1448 and FID from 330.94 to 179.42 on BUSI, and lowering KID from 0.7097 to 0.3567 and FID from 458.74 to 289.79 on Alzheimer MRI. LPIPS (real–fake) and (fake–fake) scores indicate both enhanced perceptual realism and diversity. On CBIS-DDSM, DGAN-WP-TL surpasses StyleGAN2 in LPIPS and MS-SSIM diversity metrics, while StyleGAN2 retains slightly better KID and FID. An ablation study confirms the contribution of each architectural component, with perceptual regularisation and transfer learning yielding the most pronounced gains in realism and diversity. Downstream classification experiments using the augmented datasets demonstrate measurable performance improvement. DGAN-WP-TL offers a robust, multi-domain solution for synthetic medical data generation in low-data regimes. Future research will focus on incorporating domain-specific priors, attention-based synthesis, and clinical validation.

The article introduces a generalization of the subclass c′ class of close-to-convex functions, which is defined by the condition of positivity of the functional Re(zf′(z)/g(z)), where g(z) is an arbitrary convex function. The generalization of this class is related to both the membership of the values of the functional zf′(z)/g(z) region of a special type contained in the right half-plane relative to the imaginary axis, and using starlike functions g(z) of arbitrary order. In this case, functions with gaps in the expansion in a series are considered. In a generalized subclass of the class of close-to-convex functions, theorems of distortion and rotation, as well as the radius of convexity of this class, are established. All results are exact. The breadth of the introduced class of close-to-convex functions allows us to obtain a generalization of a number of results both for various subclasses of the class of close-to-convex functions, including the entire class of close-to-convex functions, and for the class of close-to-starlike functions and its subclasses. In particular, new results are obtained for classes of functions convex in the direction of the imaginary axis or in the positive direction of the real axis, as well as for typically real functions.It is also shown that using starlike functions of order 1/2 instead of convex functions leads to the same distortion, rotation, and convexity radius theorems as for the classical subclass c′ close-to-convex functions.

In the era of rapid development of digital communication, there is a growing need for technologies that guarantee secure user identification, document authentication and protection of personal data, including biometrics. Previously used centralized identity management systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to hacking, falsification and misuse. This problem is especially relevant when information must remain closed until a specific moment or event occurs, for example, in the fields of forensics, healthcare or law (medical certificates, legal acts, inheritance agreements, etc.). The main goal is to create a secure, verifiable and at the same time distributed access control system with the ability to defer disclosure of information. The study proposes a cryptographic protocol that combines Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), Time-Lapse Cryptography (TLC), and decentralized biometric data management. The protocol is based on the principles of Time-Lapse Cryptography (TLC) and the Horcrux protocol, which enable time-controlled disclosure of encrypted information associated with a user’s identity. The architecture includes the use of QR codes as a transport for Verifiable Credentials (VC), blockchain for authenticity verification and key management, and biometrics as a second factor of identity binding. The proposed solution is intended for use in scenarios where cryptographic protection against premature access to sensitive data is required, such as in medicine, forensics, notarial acts, or intellectual property. The study presents the protocol structure and application options.

Introduction: This study evaluated the effects of alternative protein sources from food industry byproducts in starter feeds on dairy calf growth and metabolism under different feeding conditions. Methods: Sixty Holstein × Black-and-White female calves were allocated into six groups across two commercial farms. Farm 1 included T1 (Starter A: 15% egg powder), T2 (Starter B: 15% feed yeast), and CON1 (standard starter); Farm 2 included T3, T4 (identical to T1 and T2, respectively), and CON2 (standard starter). All groups were monitored over a 90-day period for feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and blood biochemical parameters. Starters also included milk whey and Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05 considered significant). Results: At Farm 1, calves in group T2 demonstrated significantly greater weight gain (+3.47%, P = 0.01) and improved FCR (P = 0.03) compared to the CON1 group. Additionally, T2 calves showed elevated total protein (P = 0.04) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P < 0.05), suggesting enhanced metabolic efficiency. At Farm 2, while growth and FCR differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), calves in T3 showed increased total protein at day 60 (P = 0.04) and elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) at day 30 (P = 0.02). Discussion: These preliminary findings suggest that incorporating food industry byproducts in starter feeds may improve feed efficiency and metabolic parameters in dairy calves. However, their effectiveness appears to depend on feeding conditions, including basal diet composition and feed palatability. Further investigation is needed to clarify these interactions and assess long-term effects.

Small RNAs are involved in diverse cellular processes, including plant immunity to pathogens. Here, we report that miR158a negatively regulates plant immunity to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica in Arabidopsis thaliana. By performing real-time quantitative PCR, transient expression, and RNA ligase-mediated 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends assays, we demonstrate that miR158a downregulates AtTN7 expression by cleaving its 3′-untranslated region. AtTN7 positively affects plant immunity and encodes a truncated intracellular nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat receptor containing the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor. AtTN7 can degrade oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Further genetic and molecular analyses reveal that the Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1-Phytoalexin Deficient 4-Activated Disease Resistance 1 complex is required for AtTN7-mediated immunity. ADR1-dependent Ca2+ influx is crucial for activating salicylic acid signaling to condition AtTN7-triggered immunity. Our study uncovers the immune roles and regulatory mechanisms of miR158a and its target AtTN7. Both miR158a-downregulation and AtTN7-overexpression lead to enhanced plant resistance to P. parasitica without affecting plant growth phenotypes, suggesting their application potentials and the utilization of miRNAs in identifying novel immune genes for the development of plant germplasm resources with enhanced disease resistance.

Systematic large-scale research conducted by the North Kazakhstan Archaeological Expedition, the Kokshetau International Archaeological Expedition, and the Botai International Archaeological Expedition – under the leadership of V.F. Seibert, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Archaeology, Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute – in Northern Kazakhstan led to the discovery and scientific validation of the Botai archaeological culture. Meticulous fieldwork, along with the involvement of natural science specialists to analyze the extensive archaeological collections, established a solid scientific foundation for the theoretical reconstruction of various aspects of economic, sociocultural, and ideological processes of ancient societies in Kazakhstan. Undoubtedly, the materials of the Botai archaeological culture hold significant value in addressing the origins and development of a productive economy in the Eurasian steppe region. Archaeological materials from the Botai settlement have enriched museum collections and require detailed laboratory analysis. It should also be noted that the Botai Museum-Reserve is currently conducting restoration, conservation, and preservation work at the site. Copies of scientific reports written during the study of these Botai culture sites are brought to the museum, where they are carefully reviewed and analyzed by the museum staff. In preparing this paper, we examined and analyzed the works by V.F. Seibert – a distinguished archaeologist who first identified the Botai culture – including his recent monographs and publications.

One of the goals of sustainable development is to ensure the accessibility and rational use of water resources and sanitation for all. The aim of the research was the synthesis of aluminum-silicon coagulants-flocculants for water purification, which is based on the use of mechanical activation of raw materials with various additives. According to the results of the conducted studies, it can be noted that aluminum-silicon coagulants-flocculants based on refractory clay and bauxite usually contain several compounds with coagulating and flocculating abilities. According to the results of the tests, the following data were obtained:-the chemical composition of the bauxite of the Krasnooktyabrsky deposit was determined. The main part of bauxite is gibbsite (33.8%) and kaolinite-1A (26.9%). A smaller amount contains hematite (12.5%), goethite (10.3%), titanium dioxide oxide (7.4%), hercynite (4.7%), and aluminum silicate (4.4%). The chemical composition of the refractory clay of the Arkalyk deposit has been determined. Its main part is kaolinite-1A (52.3%). A smaller amount contains gibbsite (32.6%) and titanium oxide (14.9%). The effectiveness of the proposed coagulant-flocculants was evaluated by analyzing the untreated drinking water of the Kostanay Su KGP enterprise for odor, color, and turbidity before and after the application of the coagulant-flocculant. In general, bauxite and refractory clays of the Kostanay region can be used as raw materials for the production of aluminum-silicon coagulants-flocculants as they are sufficiently effective for natural water purification and are not inferior to similar preparations.

The study estimates the water and water management balance of the Tobyl River basin in the Kostanay region, Kazakhstan in the context of non-stationary climate and river flow conditions. The research aims to determine the current deficit and surplus of water resources to develop recommendations on regional water supply needs, especially for urban territories and agricultural sectors. Hydrometeorological data from regional monitoring stations were analyzed using probabilistic statistical methods. The Mann-Kendall test is applied to assess long-term trends in river flow. A comprehensive water balance model is developed for the reservoirs of the Tobyl River. The study shows statistically significant upward trends in water consumption at the Tobyl-Kostanay and Tobyl-Grishenka stations from 1972 to 2021. The developed water management balance indicates that in average and high-water years, the Tobyl River reservoirs accumulate water, and low-water years (95% non-exceedance probability) are marked by water shortage. Evaporation accounts for a significant share of water losses in the reservoir system, especially in low-water years. The findings underscore the urgent need for advanced water-saving methods and adaptive water resource management strategies to mitigate the consequences of water shortage, especially in low-water years. To ensure a stable water supply in the region, it is recommended to strengthen the coordination of transboundary water resources use and employ technological solutions.

Background and aims: Legume rotation and optimized nitrogen application are established strategies for sustainable crop production and soil quality improvement. This study aims to clarify the effects of soybean stubble combined with nitrogen reduction on winter wheat growth, nitrogen uptake, soil ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF), and soil-crop interactions. Methods: In three different preceding crop systems (Fallow-F, Soybean-B, and Maize-M), three nitrogen levels (N0: 0, N1: 125, N2:225 kg N/ha) were applied during the wheat season to investigate the effects on wheat root growth, aboveground biomass accumulation, nitrogen absorption, yield, and soil EMF. Results: Compared with F and M stubbles, B significantly promoted the growth of wheat, increasing nitrogen uptake by 27.48% and 33.35%, and yield by 19.10% and 20.03%, respectively. Across different stubble treatments, the root index, aboveground biomass, and nitrogen accumulation of wheat increased with nitrogen application. B stubble also significantly improved annual economic benefits and EMF, particularly at the N1 level (BN1), showing average increases of 70.87% and 4.17 times over other treatments. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between root and aboveground wheat growth, with soil parameters positively correlating with both belowground and aboveground growth, as well as nitrogen accumulation and yield. Notably, soil enzyme activity and total nitrogen content were more strongly related to variations in wheat growth indicators. Conclusion: The best combined performance of the BN1 treatment in terms of crop growth, economic efficiency and ecosystem provides theoretical support for the incorporation of legumes into cropping systems to reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer application and improve soil ecosystem multifunctionality.

Digital technologies provide powerful tools for fostering the spiritual culture of primary school teachers by enhancing key humanistic qualities and enabling modern adaptation. This study addresses the urgent need to develop a methodological framework for using digital technologies to promote spiritual values in education. The article aims to identify spiritual aspects that can be cultivated through digital tools and to categorize the types of technologies most effective for this purpose. The research employs systems analysis alongside logical, comparative, and classification methods to explore the role of digitalisation in shaping spiritual culture. Key findings include the identification of core spiritual needs, the significance of culture in human life, and strategies for integrating digital tools into teacher development. The study offers practical guidance for educators, school leaders, and philosophy and pedagogy students, emphasizing the necessity of digital literacy in cultivating a holistic and value-oriented educational environment

The paper presents the results indicating the spread of bovine sarcocystosis in the Kostanay region, Kazakhstan. Muscle samples from 358 cattle carcasses were examined for sarcocysts. The neck muscles in bulls from the eastern zone and the skeleton and diaphragm muscles in cows from the western zone were severely infected. The least infected were the neck muscles in bulls from the northern zone and the skeletal muscles in the southern zone. The extent of the infection equaled 77.4% of the studied livestock. Based on the molecular genetic analysis and comparison of cytochrome-c-oxidase (cox1) sequences, three types of bovine sarcocysts were identified for the first time in the Kostanay region: S. cruzi, S. bovifelis, and S. dehongensis. This study highlights the significant prevalence of sarcocystosis in the Kostanay region, demonstrating the utility of cox1 gene sequencing in identifying different Sarcocystis species. These findings underline the need for improved control and prevention strategies to mitigate the impact on cattle health and productivity

Aims: Ridge-furrow film mulching (RFFM) and biochar addition are both effective soil management practices for improving crop yields in dry farming regions. However, they may have different impacts on soil moisture status and nitrogen budget. Methods: A two-years experiment was conducted on soil water and nitrogen status, maize productivity, and nitrogen utilization through four treatments: FN, flat planting without biochar; FB, flat planting with 9.0 t ha−1 biochar; RN, RFFM without biochar; RB, RFFM with 9.0 t ha−1 biochar. Results: In the 0–60 cm soil layer, RFFM reduced soil nitrogen storage and increased soil water storage (SWS), while biochar addition was the opposite. A significant interaction was observed between the two measures regarding the reduction of SWS in deep soil (60–200 cm), with the RB significantly increasing the soil desiccation index during the filling stage. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the decrease of SWS in deep soil did not adversely affect crop production, instead, it significantly increased maize productivity and utilization efficiency, while reducing nitrogen loss (P < 0.05). Among them, the RB with the lowest SWS in the deep layer demonstrated the best overall performance, which increased maize yield by 27.2% and nitrogen use efficiency by 21.0%, and reduced NH3 cmissions by 20.6% and mineral nitrogen residue by 46.9%. Conclusions: RB is an effective field management strategy to promote soil nitrogen retention and improve nitrogen utilization of maize. However, it is important to remain vigilant about the potential impacts of decreased soil water on future agricultural productivity under this practice.

Decisions made by migrating animals can impact individual fitness and population dynamics.12 For avian migrants, these decisions can be affected by environmental34567 and anthropogenic89101112 factors and by internal131415161718 states. However, recent reviews have pointed to multiple gaps in our understanding of these decisions.19202122 We studied the decisions made by migrating endangered Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis by tracking individuals for up to 7 years with GPS transmitters. We used weather reanalysis models and high-resolution remote sensing to obtain environmental and anthropogenic information.2324 Using complementary statistical methods, we differentiated between two behavioral states, migratory flights and stopovers, and studied how different factors shape the birds’ movements and the transition between these states.2526 Most prominently, we detected effects of experience on the birds’ response to anthropogenic habitats, with juvenile eagles drawn to them, adults avoiding them, and sub-adults showing no preference. Experience also affected the choice of tailwind and flight direction during migration, with juvenile individuals choosing stronger winds and more direct routes than more experienced eagles. During stopover, experienced eagles flew greater distances than less experienced eagles, and during both stopover and migratory periods, stronger tailwinds increased the distance birds moved. Finally, winds blowing toward the migratory direction increased the probability that a bird would initiate migration after a stopover, while opposite winds had the opposite effect. Our results advance our understanding of the ontogeny of bird migration and the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors on migratory decision-making, with implications for the conservation of migratory species