2024

The adoption of the “Steppe Regulation” in 1891 contributed to the completion of the formation of the Russian model of administrative management in the Kazakh steppe, but did not solve many problems with the practical implementation of local governance. The article attempts to consider the decisions of the Turgai region administration taken to organize the effective work of public institutions of the Kazakh nomadic volosts. The source base of the study was formed by regulatory and legal documents regulating the activities of local government bodies in the Kazakh steppe and office materials from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mechanisms for implementing the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts, in particular on the territory of the Turgai region in the second half of the 19th century are considered based on the methodological guidelines of the new social history and the new imperial history. The introduction of collegial bodies of volost and aul governance in the Kazakh steppe, in its content, extended the model of public administration carried out in the central provinces of the Russian Empire to Kazakh society, but problems arose that required local authorities to make decisions based on the specifics of local conditions. At the local level, there were difficulties in relations with Kazakh public officials, due to their lack of knowledge of the Russian language. Another problematic issue that required a solution, according to Russian officials, was the dominance of family ties in the formation of the apparatus for governing Kazakh nomadic volosts. Through a comparative analysis of the articles of the “Steppe Regulations” of March 25, 1891 and the Instructions to volost governors, aul elders, volost and aul congresses of the Turgai region of 1894, it is examined how these and other issues are resolved, how the model of Russian administrative management is adapted to local characteristics.

Modernisation, particularly urbanisation, significantly impacts the economic and social spheres, altering self-consciousness, cultural views and traditions. This is crucial to observe in large countries like Kazakhstan, where remote regions and underdeveloped infrastructure have hindered active urbanisation. The aim is to analyse urbanisation’s impact on the cultural and value-based orientations of Kazakhstan’s people. Comparison and statistical methods were used in this study. This article is valuable for researchers studying the influence of global processes on national culture and self-consciousness, as well as those interested in Kazakhstan’s history.

The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the water quality and toxicology indicators of the Verkhnetobolskoye and Karatomarskoye reservoirs in northern Kazakhstan to identify potential pollutants, including heavy metals, organic and inorganic substances, and pesticides, and to assess the influence of these parameters on the suitability of water for various uses. The study combined hydrochemical and toxicological analysis, including atomic absorption spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography to detect heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. The data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine correlations between different pollutants and to assess overall water quality according to national and international standards. The analysis suggests that both reservoirs are subject to moderate or severe pollution. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals, especially cadmium and zinc, were detected at several sampling points, exceeding the threshold limit value for safe water use. Although the levels of most pesticides are within the required limits, trace amounts of chlorinated pesticides were detected. The water quality in both reservoirs is classified as bad (class 4), with a high content of suspended solids, magnesium, and sulfates, making this water unsuitable for domestic use without thorough treatment. The reservoirs remain suitable for industrial uses, including irrigation and mining. The findings underscore the need for stricter water quality monitoring and improved water purification infrastructure in the reservoirs of Kazakhstan.

Poultry meat, including chicken, has an important place in human nutrition, but special conditions are required for its storage due to its high perishability. Therefore, this study presents methods for packaging and storing poultry meat to increase food safety and health. Then, using the method of testing microorganisms in poultry meat, the effect of packaging and storage conditions on preserving white meat's health and shelf life is investigated. The results show that packaging should provide the necessary handling, transportation, and storage conditions. Currently, there are packaging systems with different characteristics and applications for poultry packaging. These systems are used for storing poultry in short-term cold storage, retail stores, and long-term cold storage. Poultry packaging should be carried out in packaging factories and under entirely hygienic conditions, and then, while maintaining the cold chain, it is supplied to the consumer market with approved means of transportation.

This study explored the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the security framework of electronic voting (e-voting) systems. Amid increasing vulnerabilities and cyber threats to electoral integrity, these technologies provided robust solutions by ensuring the immutability of voting records and enabling real-time anomaly detection. Blockchain technology secured votes in a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger, preventing unauthorized modifications, and enhancing transparency. Concurrently, artificial intelligence leveraged predictive analytics to dynamically monitor and respond to potential security threats, thereby ensuring the reliability and integrity of the voting process. This paper presented a dual-technology approach where blockchain’s transparency complemented artificial intelligence’s (AI) threat detection capabilities, providing a comprehensive security solution for e-voting systems. Through theoretical models and empirical data, we demonstrated significant improvements in transaction throughput, threat detection accuracy, and system scalability. The findings suggested that the strategic application of these technologies could substantially mitigate current e-voting vulnerabilities, offering a pathway to more secure, transparent, and efficient electoral processes globally

This article presents the findings of a scientific study investigating the efficacy of various assessment techniques used to evaluate the adaptability and productive qualities of Aberdeen Angus cattle on three prominent farms in the northern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A comprehensive analysis of the haematological and biochemical parameters of experimental groups of cattle with different genotypes (American, Canadian, and Estonian selection) was conducted. The studies revealed notable variability in haematological and biochemical indicators, contingent on the origin. Concurrently, the dynamics of the aforementioned indicators did not exceed the physiological norms. The modern allelofund was characterised with the help of microsatellite markers, and the level of genetic diversity of Aberdeen Angus cattle of different genotypes was estimated. The research uncovered the genealogical structure of the populations, the purity of the populations, the provenance, the polymorphism level, the heterozygosity indices, and the Wright fixation index (Fis). The genotyping of cattle of the Aberdeen Angus breed on 15 microsatellite markers yielded the establishment of 80 alleles in the Kolos-firm LLP, 77 alleles in the Vishnevskoe LLP, and 92 alleles in the Sever-Agro N LLP. The total expected heterozygosity was He = 0.673, while the observed heterozygosity was Ho = 0.710

This paper examines various machine learning methods for assessing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. To build predictive models, two approaches were used: the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The focus is on analyzing the performance of each model in classification and regression tasks, as well as their ability to identify key biomarkers and risk factors such as cholesterol, ferritin, homocysteine and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. XGBoost parameters have been optimized for working with tabular data, demonstrating high accuracy in risk prediction. The CNN model, despite the initial reduction in error on the training set, showed signs of overfitting when analyzing validation data. Performance evaluation using the metrics of mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) revealed significant differences between the models. The study results confirm the effectiveness of XGBoost in analyzing tabular data and summarizing risk factor knowledge, while the CNN model needs further optimization to handle sparse data. The work demonstrates the importance of choosing the right model architecture and training parameters to ensure reliable diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases

Alnus glutinosa plays a crucial role in flood control, riverbank stabilization, and water purification. Recognized for its ecological significance, it is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. This study investigated the genetic variability of A. glutinosa populations in Kazakhstan, analyzing 78 trees from seven populations in the Bayanaul mountain forest massif and the northern Turgay regions using 12 SSR markers. The study identified an average of 6.3 alleles and 2.783 effective alleles, as well as observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.570 and 0.562, respectively, reflecting genetic diversity. Among the populations, KS1 (northern Turgay) and PVL3 (Bayanaul) displayed the highest diversity, while PVL5 (Bayanaul) showed slightly lower diversity. The analysis of molecular variance results indicated that 86% of the genetic diversity occurred within populations, with 14% attributed to differences between populations. A UPGMA tree based on Nei’s genetic distance revealed three distinct clusters, suggesting geographically structured genetic variability in A. glutinosa populations

Phytophthora infestans is a notorious oomycete pathogen that causes potato late blight. It secretes numerous effector proteins to manipulate host immunity. Understanding mechanisms underlying their host cell manipulation is crucial for developing disease resistance strategies. Here, we report that the conserved RXLR effector Pi05910 of P. infestans is a genotype-specific avirulence elicitor on potato variety Longshu 12 and contributes virulence by suppressing and destabilizing host glycolate oxidase StGOX4. By performing co-immunoprecipitation, yeast-two-hybrid assays, luciferase complementation imaging, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we identified and confirmed potato StGOX4 as a target of Pi05910. Further analysis revealed that StGOX4 and its homologue NbGOX4 are positive immune regulators against P. infestans, as indicated by infection assays on potato and Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing StGOX4 and TRV-NbGOX4 plants. StGOX4-mediated disease resistance involves enhanced reactive oxygen species accumulation and activated the salicylic acid signalling pathway. Pi05910 binding inhibited enzymatic activity and destabilized StGOX4. Furthermore, mutagenesis analyses indicated that the 25th residue (tyrosine, Y25) of StGOX4 mediates Pi05910 binding and is required for its immune function. Our results revealed that the core RXLR effector of P. infestans Pi05910 suppresses plant immunity by targeting StGOX4, which results in decreased enzymatic activity and protein accumulation, leading to enhanced plant susceptibility

This inquiry is aimed at discerning the impact of various agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, the incorporation of plant residues, and the application of mineral fertilizers, on soil health and crop productivity, notably focusing on maize production. Cultivation included maize (Zea mays), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), soybeans (Glycine max), and vetch (Vicia sativa). After harvest, maize seeds were sown across all 48 plots to evaluate the influence of preceding crop rotation on soil properties and maize yield. Hypotheses posited in the study suggested that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and the incorporation of crop residues positively impact soil fertility. The study further argues that the utilization of cover crops in crop rotation aids in nitrogen retention within the soil and enhances yield. The results were processed utilizing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction and post hoc comparisons. The findings confirm that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application, and incorporation of crop residues influence soil fertility. The study found that crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on soil properties. Crop rotations such as “velvet beans-maize” and “soybeans-maize” increased soil fertility by 10%–15% compared to crop rotations of “vetch-maize” and maize monocultures. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen content in the soil by 5%–10% in both years. Crop residues also positively affected soil properties, increasing pH and total nitrogen by 1%–5%. The study demonstrates that crop rotation, nitrogen fertilizers, and crop residues can be effective management methods for improving soil fertility and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching. © 2024 The Author(s). Soil Science Society of America Journal

Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has impacted over 264 million people and caused over 5 million deaths worldwide. Symptoms often include viral pneumonia, with complications like acute respiratory distress or sepsis, as well as myocarditis and kidney damage. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on endocrine glands, as well as to develop a classification of stages of the course of COVID-19 to improve and simplify morphological diagnosis. Methods: The studies conducted include systemic analysis of the para-clinical data of patients who died of COVID-19 (according to medical documentation); a macroscopic study assessing the size and weight of external manifestations of endocrine organ lesions in COVID-19 cases with statistical evaluation of the detected signs. Archive analysis covers para-clinical data and data on significant concomitant and background pathologies based on the medical histories of 780 deaths from COVID-19 in infectious diseases hospitals of the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan) during the period from 2019 to 2022. Result: Using pathomorphologic data from COVID-19 autopsies, we developed a scale for semi-quantitative analysis of each case. Medical data analysis suggests that the most notable endocrine changes are elevated blood glucose and low catecholamine levels due to adrenal hemosiderosis. No significant changes in sex or thyroid hormones were observed. Conclusion: The obtained findings require further consideration, given that the studied patients make up a rather diverse group. Nevertheless, the study can serve as an additional source of information in the struggle against COVID-19

Water scarcity and increasing salinity stress are significant challenges in the farming sector as they often exacerbate each other, as limited water availability can concentrate salts in the soil, further hindering plant growth. Lettuce, a crucial leafy vegetable with high nutritional value, is susceptible to water availability and quality. This study investigates the growth and development of lettuce plants under water scarcity and varying levels of salinity stress to identify effective strategies for reducing water consumption while maintaining or improving plant productivity. Field experiments were designed to simulate three drought levels (50, 75, and 100% of class A pan evaporation) and three salinity stress levels (control, 1500, and 3000 ppm NaCl), assessing their impact on lettuce’s morphological and biochemical parameters. The combination of reduced water supply and high salinity significantly hindered growth, underscoring the detrimental effects of simultaneous water deficit and salinity stress on plant development. Non-stressed treatment enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents and progressively decreased with the reduction in water supply from 100% to 50%. Interestingly, higher salinity levels increased total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity, suggesting an adaptive stress response. Moreover, antioxidant activity, evaluated through DPPH and ABTS assays, peaked in plants irrigated with 75% ETo, whether under control or 1500 ppm salinity conditions. The Yield Stability Index was highest at 75% ETo (0.95), indicating robust stability under stress. The results indicated that lettuce could be cultivated with up to 75% of the water requirement without significantly impacting plant development or quality. Furthermore, the investigation demonstrated that lettuce could thrive when irrigated with water of moderate salinity (1500 ppm). These findings highlight the potential for reducing water quantities and saline water in lettuce production, offering practical solutions for sustainable farming in water-scarce regions.

The research problem is based on the study of the possibilities of expanding methodological approaches, educational technologies, and educational programs for the implementation of blended learning and increasing the level of its effectiveness in the educational system of Kazakhstan. This study aims to identify the best conditions for implementing blended learning that would meet the technical capabilities of the university, the educational programs, and the interests and needs of all participants of the educational process. For this, the following data collection methods were used: Online surveys, quantitative and qualitative analyses, and facilitation tools, such as World Café, Future Search, ranking, and Spearman's correlation analysis. The results show that more than half of the students (58%) and teachers (65%) were not satisfied with the existing structure of blended learning at the university. This research suggests involving all participants in the educating process when adopting the blended mode of learning to enhance the efficacy of the blended learning program. The practical significance of this research lies in its determination of the optimal conditions for implementing blended learning in the university programs of Kazakhstan. The engagement of all stakeholders in the Learning pathway in decision-making regarding hybrid education, taking into account the technical capabilities of universities and the individual needs of students and instructors, aims not only to address current issues but also to enhance the quality of education and prepare graduates to meet the demands of the contemporary labor market. Such an approach to research and innovation implementation in Kazakhstan's education could foster the development of more flexible, adaptive, and effective educational systems that meet the requirements of the modern world

In a free market economy, stock market indices are influenced not only by national economic developments, but also by economic indicators such as gold, exchange rates, and oil. It is important to consider these indicators when analyzing the returns of companies traded on the stock exchange. Internal factors that impact stock market returns include the company’s estimated earnings and changes in the company’s financial structure. External factors include macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates, interest rates, gold prices, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A study analyzed the relationship between the returns of energy companies traded on KASE and the KASE index, exchange rate, and gold return during the period of January 01, 2023-April 01, 2024 (328 trading days) using the ARDL Bounds Value Approach. The research findings indicate that the stock market composite index, foreign exchange, and gold returns have a long-term effect on the returns of energy companies. Particularly, the long-term effect of the stock market composite index return is found to be significant and positive for all three assets. Additionally, the effect of companies’ past values has been observed as negative. According to the error correction model analysis, a key finding is that shocks to company returns will reach equilibrium in a short time, approximately one trading day. These results can provide decision support, especially for investors, when investing in energy companies.

A possible way to increase the operating speed and field capacity of a cultivator-fertiliser is to modify its configuration scheme. According to our hypothesis, placing the fertiliser hopper directly on the tractor frame could reduce the traction resistance of the cultivator-fertiliser and consequently increase its operating speed and field capacity. Validating this hypothesis requires a comparative evaluation of the existing configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers. However, there are currently no such comprehensive studies available. This research aims to develop a mathematical model for conducting a comparative theoretical evaluation of various configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers. The development of this model incorporated principles from classical and agricultural mechanics. We developed a mathematical model and conducted a theoretical evaluation of existing configuration schemes for cultivator-fertilisers, such as mounting the hopper on a separate trailed chassis, mounting the hopper and tillage working bodies on one frame, and mounting the hopper directly on the tractor frame. The working width of the cultivator-fertiliser was constant and amounted to 6.2 m. The effective engine power of the tractor was taken to be 220 × 103 W. It was found that placing the fertiliser hopper on the tractor frame maximises the field capacity to 3.9 ha∙h-1. The increase in field capacity was 8.9–16.0%. In this case, the fertiliser hopper volume should be 1.89 m3 and travel speed 8.45 km∙h-1

The small business sector in Kazakhstan demonstrates dynamic growth, but its sustainable development in modern conditions requires activation from government agencies, society and entrepreneurs themselves. The purpose of the article was to study the development of small entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and develop a mechanism for sustainable development based on network interaction “business entities–society–state” with the identification of priority areas of development based on a rating approach. The methods of bibliographic analysis of scientific literature, statistical, correlation analysis, survey, comparative analysis and ranking based on data normalization were used. The results revealed the need to formalize indicators of sustainable development of the small business sector in strategic development programs; create conditions, support, explain the importance and prospects of investing in sustainable innovations by small businesses and form a balanced strategy for achieving carbon neutrality based on network interaction “business entities–society–state” with the identification of priority areas of development based on a rating approach to ensure transparency and publicity of decisions made. Conclusions were made about the need to popularize sustainable development among business entities, stimulate investment activity through government participation, enact legislative regulation of public presentation of non-financial reporting, and assist society in the formation of an ESG culture

This study evaluates the utilization of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) technology for the conservation and breeding of the Auliekol cattle breed, a primary beef breed in Kazakhstan facing population decline due to the cessation of breeding programs and the incursion of transboundary diseases. We assessed the effect of consecutive ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures on oocyte yield and embryo production in Auliekol and Aberdeen Angus cows. A total of 2232 and 3659 oocytes were aspirated from Auliekol and Aberdeen Angus donors, respectively, with significantly higher yields and embryo production observed in Aberdeen Angus cows. The application of a meiotic block using Butyrolactone I (BLI) and subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols was employed, with embryo development monitored up to the morula/blastocyst stage. Results indicated that Auliekol cows exhibited lower oocyte recovery, cleavage, and blastocyst rates compared to Aberdeen Angus cows, likely due to genetic characteristics. Despite the challenges, IVEP presents a valuable tool for the preservation and future propagation of the Auliekol breed, highlighting the need for further research to enhance reproductive outcomes and conservation strategies

Background: Anthrax is the most prioritized zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to its threatening potential to the public health and agricultural sector. Sporadic anthrax outbreaks are being reported annually among human and livestock populations throughout the country, with the highest frequency occurring in West Kazakhstan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey-based face-to-face interview. From January to May 2022, 489 randomly selected participants were surveyed in 6 districts of the Baiterek province in West Kazakhstan oblast to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding anthrax among community members. This is the first KAP study conducted relating to outbreaks of anthrax in Kazakhstan. Results: In this study, most participants (74%) surveyed were males, and 40% of respondents had a secondary level education. Overall, 91% of the community respondents were engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Among these community members, cattle rearing was the most common (67%) occupation compared to other livestock species. Additionally, over a 50% of the population studied had no knowledge about the zoonotic nature of the disease, and about 82% and 87% of respondents were unaware of any animal and human anthrax symptoms, respectively. About 70% of the respondents were interested in vaccinating their livestock against anthrax. Individuals aged 45–54 displayed notably higher animal vaccination rates (45%; 95% CI: 38.4–52.0; p < 0.025) compared to those aged 25–34 and 65–74. Respondents residing in the Beles district (20%; 95% CI: 17.1–24.7; p < 0.005) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness concerning the fatality of anthrax in contrast to participants from Bolashak. Roughly 61% of respondents held the belief that anthrax is a lethal disease. An overwhelming majority of the survey participants (99%) affirmed their non-participation in the slaughter of infected animals. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that KAP among community members relating to anthrax is low and requires swift implementation of education programmes in building awareness of anthrax under the One Health approach, especially in anthrax prone regions

Subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows necessitates the use of effective pre-and post-milking udder preparations. Many imported post-milking udder treatments have proven ineffective and costly, prompting the exploration of composite preparations based on chemical compounds. This study aims to assess the bactericidal properties of Promixan, a preparation based on Anavidin and its impact on subclinical mastitis prevention and milk quality under production conditions. The experimental study took place at two Republic of Kazakhstan farms. Three groups of cows, comprising those with subclinical mastitis (for disease treatment) and healthy cows (for disease prevention), were selected. To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of post-milking udder treatments, microbial concentration dynamics were observed every two hours until the subsequent milking. Promixan exhibited 98.1 and 96.7% effectiveness in preventing subclinical mastitis in healthy cows at the Adal Agro-Industrial Complex farm and E.S. Aidarbayev farm, respectively, after 4 hours of exposure. In the group of sick cows, it demonstrated effectiveness rates of 95.3 and 94.3%, respectively. These results indicate that Promixan matches or surpasses the bactericidal properties of analogs. When used on sick cows, Promixan outperformed Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 2.1 and 2.2%, respectively, indicating its comparable effectiveness. Experimental studies revealed that Promixan's bactericidal properties surpassed those of Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 3.4 and 3.3%, respectively. Promixan effectively forms a bacteriological protective film on cow udder teats, preventing microbial penetration into the skin, and proves to be a viable alternative to existing treatments for subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows under production conditions

Background: A total of 396 samples were taken from the hearts, oesophagi, and diaphragms of 132 horses slaughtered at slaughterhouses in 2023 for subsequent examination. Methods: The histological method revealed pathomorphological changes in the muscle tissue. The molecular method identified the pathogen species. Results: Histological examination revealed thick-walled cysts with internal septa and numerous bradyzoites, and mononuclear inflammatory cells with pericyst infiltrates. Microcyst samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular genetic analysis allowed for the identification of 18 sarcocysts. Phylogenetic analysis of Sarcocystis isolates revealed three separate clades of Sarcocystis bertrami and two separate clades of Sarcocystis fayeri. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed a very close relationship between the identified Sarcocystis species and other equine Sarcocystis DNA sequences from China and Japan. Based on the results obtained, the epizootic situation and the parasitic level of sarcocystosis contamination of horses in the northern Kazakhstan were determined. Conclusion: This is the first histological and molecular study to identify Sarcocystis spp. isolated from microscopic forms of equine sarcocysts in the northern Kazakhstan. This research will contribute to the fight against the spread of sarcocystosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan and will allow us to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms of sarcocystosis control

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2–4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

The introduction of biologically-active preparations (BAP) in Konskaya Varenaya (Horse and cooked sausage) significantly alters the functional processing and structural-mechanical properties of minced meat, thereby affecting the quality of the final product. This study aimed to determine the optimal formulation of combined cooked sausage with BAP by examining the influence of varying amounts of the preparation on minced meat and sausage quality. Key functional and processing characteristics, including water-binding power (WBP), moisture content, pH level, yield, and water activity, as well as structural-mechanical properties such as yield value, adhesiveness, and plasticity, were assessed using standard laboratory methods. The results indicated that WBP is significantly influenced by both the quantity of BAP and cutting time. Additionally, the inclusion of egg-derived BAP positively affected the protein system of minced meat, leading to an increased pH and enhanced WBP

The research aims to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of human trafficking. Policies for combating such crime, including international, criminological, criminal-legal, penitentiary, criminological, and operative-investigative policies, are analysed. A comprehensive system of scientific and special legal methods, including methods of synthesis and analysis, formal-logical and formal-legal methods, as well as comparative-legal methods, were used to conduct the research. The research results are aimed at improving the effectiveness of measures to combat human trafficking. The experience of the leading countries, such as the USA, Portugal, and Qatar in the context of interaction of law enforcement bodies of different countries in the sphere of combating human trafficking.

Background: Meat and dairy products are important ingredients in Kazakhstan, although there are indications that high consumption of red and processed meat is associated with a risk of several non-communicable diseases and has an adverse impact on the environment. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of young adults in Kazakhstan, particularly meat and fish consumption frequency among university students in five regions of Kazakhstan. Methods: The assessment of meat and fish consumption was based on the food frequency questionnaire. Region of residence, age, sex, weight, height and parental education were also self-reported. Results: Meat consumption among the participants was lower than recommended consumption of 1500 g per week in Kazakhstan but almost two-fold higher than the World Cancer Research Fund recommendations of 500 g per week. Approximately 24% of the participants reported to consume meat every day. Only 8.6% of the participants reported fish consumption in line with the recommendation of approximately 270 g per week in Kazakhstan. Meat and fish consumption was fairly homogeneous across regions and sex. Conclusion: The results from this study contribute to the relatively limited information on meat and fish consumption in Kazakhstan. Further knowledge on dietary habits and probably improved nutrition recommendations on meat consumption in Kazakhstan are needed to protect public health and the environment.

The article introduces into scientific circulation archival materials of the police department of the Russian Empire, covering the wide support of the Russian public (represented by deputies of the III State Duma and a number of central and provincial newspapers) of one of the leaders of the Kazakh national intelligentsia, teacher and poet Akhmet Baitursynov, which received a wide public outcry. The main role in this story was played by appeals to representatives of the highest authorities by the deputy, well-known public figure Skalozubov Nikolai Lukich. In parallel with the appeal to various state bodies of a member of the State Duma, an article protesting against the arrest of Baitursynov was published in the central press organ of the Cadet Party, then reprinted in several Russian periodicals at once, which is subjected to scientific analysis using documents from the gendarme department. The authors come to the conclusion that the leaders of the local state apparatus tried to learn from the experience of the First Russian Revolution, when, on the one hand, they adhered to the provisions of the Tsar’s Manifesto of October 17, 1905 and responded to the requests of the State Duma deputies, taking measures to eliminate the claims expressed, but on the other On the other hand, the governors and the relevant bodies of political investigation closely monitored the intensification of the social and political activities of the Kazakh political elite, simultaneously monitoring publications in central and local periodicals that were undesirable for the authorities.

The need to identify and recognize school going children with giftedness remains a concern of the Republic of Kazakhstan's government. This concern motivated this study to examine the internal structure of the giftedness characteristic identification scale (GCIS) for use by Kazakhstan's school children. Exploratory quantitative research approach, and its design was grounded within the exploratory type. The GCIS is a self-report scale to identify the four characteristics of giftedness including contextual, intellectual, creative, and social giftedness. A total of 1176 elementary and middle school students were sampled for the study. The students were in grades and aged between 12 and 16 years. Most of the participants were 65% female; and 35% male. The data collected was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The findings established a relatively high-reliability Cronbach alpha coefficient of 89.7%. No statistical difference was found between the Kazakh and Russian languages of instruction, based on the gifted characteristics of the participants. Emphasis was placed on the fact that the GCIS was a reliable tool to identify giftedness among schoolchildren in Kazakhstan, but much future work is needed to determine its validity

For many centuries, the issues of power, politics, and state have been widely discussed in scientific literature. Developing theories, philosophers proceeded from the side of hierarchical affiliation of power, which is confirmed in theological and biological concepts. Relevance of the presented article is conditioned by the fact that for the first time the French philosopher M. Foucault has offered innovative ideas of power concept from the social point of view. M. Foucault’s works are of significant importance for modern researchers in various branches of science since he created a universal tool for the study of social relations. The objective of this study entails conducting a thorough examination of the development of his theory, as well as exploring diverse perspectives presented by scholars on this matter. The result of the research was a full-fledged analysis of the “power” category from the position of a comprehensive phenomenon, which penetrates the whole structure of the state, and not only selected organs or institutions. The main conclusion of the paper is that “power” is a complex social phenomenon that cannot be equated with categories such as “law”, “discipline”, “subordination”, or “punishment”.

The methods of constructing compact multimedia files based on a color image of a face, biometric data and documentary information about the person to whom this face belongs are considered. The essence of the proposed method consists in generating a color QR code based on facial characteristics and embedding the code into the face image. The formation of a color QR code is performed by replacing three slices of the Least Significant Bit of the original image. Mathematical descriptions, pseudocodes and graphic illustrations are presented to understand the idea of the method, the proposed solutions, and the algorithm implementing the method of embedding a color QR code in a face image. The developed new method of embedding color QR codes in face images is implemented programmatically and is the basis for the formation of multimedia files. The method can be recommended for the tasks of facial biometrics and its applications

In the context of the transition to sustainable agriculture in Kazakhstan, the article considers one of its forms—organic farming. The adopted laws and by-laws not only have not contributed to but have also significantly hindered the development of organic farming due to the complexity of their implementation in the Kazakh legal field. The activities of Kazakhstani public organizations, deprived of any state support, are symbolic in nature. The absolute instability of organic production, the multidirectional long-term dynamics of the area of organic land and the cost yield of the products are demonstrated. The lack of demand for organic farming products among the population of Kazakhstan is due to socio-economic determinants, the dominance of livestock products in the nutrition structure of the indigenous population, only a small part of the inhabitants of megacities being the main consumers of any organic products, the exorbitant share of food costs and the high premium of organic products. The reasons for the ecological and economic instability of organic farming are the extensive development model, the lack of subsidiary obligations of the state and the zero-marginal cost of the export product. Conservative, utilitarian and innovative ways of developing organic farming are proposed. 

In present-day conditions of road infrastructure development, ensuring the high quality of asphalt concrete mixes contributes to the durability and reliability of road pavements. This article investigates the application of artificial intelligence techniques to analyze asphalt quality aimed at optimizing production and improving the reliability of road pavements. This study introduces a pioneering approach to asphalt concrete mix quality enhancement using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, specifically artificial neural networks (ANN) and least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). The application of these methods allows for carrying out efficient analysis of data, reflecting asphalt quality, predicting asphalt characteristics, and optimizing production processes. The authors conducted experiments using real asphalt properties, which were used to train and set ANN and LS-SVM models. The obtained results were compared with existing methods of asphalt quality analysis. The conducted analysis confirmed the effectiveness of using ANN and SVM to analyze asphalt quality. This approach provides an opportunity for accurate prediction of asphalt performance characteristics and production process optimization, contributing to the improvement of the durability and reliability of road pavements. The obtained results have practical significance for engineers and specialists in the field of road infrastructure construction and maintenance. The results of the study validate the superiority of AI-driven models in achieving precise and reliable asphalt mix designs, marking a considerable advancement over traditional methods

Exploring and improving the unloading mechanism of grain silage is one of the most significant tasks in the agriculture and grain processing industry, as it can help both improve productivity and quality of work and contribute to the economic efficiency of enterprises in general. The study aims to improve the efficiency, safety, and grain quality of grain silo unloading mechanisms, with a focus on universal enhancements while also addressing unique challenges of different discharge mechanisms. Geographical considerations may impact maintenance and technology adoption but do not alter the core goal of enhancing productivity and safety. The methodology employed in the study involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses, with a focus on statistical methods such as regression analysis and correlation analysis to assess the performance and efficiency of grain silo unloading mechanisms, identifying influential factors, and providing recommendations for optimization. The study highlights the critical importance of the unloading mechanism in grain silo operations, as it significantly affects productivity, grain safety, and overall efficiency. Inefficient mechanisms can lead to process slowdowns, bridging, grain jamming, and quality loss. Optimizing these mechanisms can enhance grain unloading, minimize energy and maintenance costs, and improve safety for personnel, ultimately reducing the risk of grain quality issues. Consequently, the study underscores the practical significance of enhancing grain silo unloading mechanisms to boost productivity, reliability, grain safety, and cost-effectiveness

Introduction: This study examines the mechanisms of social perception in young people, exploring how empathy, social reflection, and causal attribution influence interpersonal communication and relationships during adolescence, a critical period for personal and social development. Objective: To identify the characteristics of social perception among young people and assess issues related to the formation of empathy and reflexivity, which are essential for effective communication and socialization. Methodology: The research employed psychodiagnostic tests and questionnaires to measure empathic abilities, reflexivity development, and frustration reactions. The sample included 123 students aged 18-20 in Astana, Kazakhstan. Results: Three profiles were identified: 1. Largest group: average levels of empathy and reflexivity; focus on self-defense. 2. Intermediate group: low empathy and reflexivity; focus on need satisfaction. 3. Smallest group: very high empathy, high reflexivity; focus on obstacles. Conclusion: Problems in the development of empathy and reflexivity were identified, emphasizing the need for tools and methods to enhance social perception, which is vital for interpersonal communication and personality development

The laws of thermal degradation of the mixture of the heavy fraction of low-temperature coal tar and coal shale were investigated using dynamic thermogravimetry. The kinetic characteristics of the process were determined using various methods, including the Ozawa–Flynn-Wall, Friedman, non-parametric kinetics and Šesták–Berggren methods. It is shown that coal shale initiated changes in the kinetic parameters and decomposition rate of the heavy fraction of coal tar. It was found that a 13% content of coal shale in the mixture led to the maximum rate of weight loss of the heavy fraction of coal tar. A hydrodemetallization kinetic model of the mixture of the heavy fraction of low-temperature coal tar and coal shale is proposed. The kinetic parameters of the hydrodemetallization process were determined; in addition, the rate constants at various temperatures were estimated. The study shows that the distribution of trace elements in the hydrogenate from the initial mixture and in the hydrogenate from the solid residue was characterized by relatively low values of reaction rate constants. The maximum microelement distribution rate was achieved in the hydrogenate solid residue. Energy indicators of activation processes indicated that hydrodemetallization at low temperatures is advantageous from an energy point of view

The possibility of selective Cu and Zn leaching from the sample of old pyrite tailings, which is one of the most widespread types of solid waste forming during non-ferrous metal production, using sulfuric acid solutions and water was studied. It was shown that water leaching provided selective extraction of Cu and Zn and comparatively low iron ion extraction. At the same time, acid leaching provided the obtainment of pregnant solutions with high ferric ion concentration, which can be used for oxidative leaching of substandard copper concentrates. Water and acid leaching also provided increased Au recovery by cyanidation. The results suggest that acid leaching can be an effective approach for processing old flotation tailings, which allows the extraction of base metals from these wastes and treating flotation tailings for subsequent cyanidation. Effective flotation treatment methods should also provide environmental load reduction, which is caused by the long-term storage of metal-bearing wastes

This study is devoted to the development of a logical system to improve the efficiency of wind turbines with the identification of patterns and relationships between wind speeds and directions in urban conditions. The results of the study made it possible to identify approaches to use wind energy efficiently to produce electricity with minimal losses for the power supply of urban facilities. Data Mining methods were applied, the dependencies between weather data were examined. Machine Learning algorithms have also been applied to forecast wind speed and direction in order to increase the efficiency of power generation. A thorough exploratory data analysis was carried out, including visualization of meteorological data and the study of their statistical indicators. To predict wind speed, numerical indicators such as air temperature, wind direction, pressure tendency and atmospheric pressure were taken. Linear Regression, Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine were taken as Machine Learning models. The results revealed that the Random Forest turned out to be the most effective, with a mean squared error of 0.302. According to the results of the research, it was found that the initial data on the characteristics of the wind are highly distorted when it circulates in the urban environment due to the influence of urban development. However, the use of a logical system made it possible to predict and adapt the operation of wind turbines to changes in wind characteristics with minimal losses. A pivotal outcome of this study is the creation of a real-time data processing system, enabling accurate predictions of wind characteristics from speed and direction measuring devices. Additionally, a MATLAB Simulink-based computer model was developed to explore the logical system’s influence on wind turbine performance. The findings underscore the efficacy of employing forecasting within a logical system framework to harness wind energy efficiently, contributing to sustainable urban energy solutions

In this study, we evaluated the progeny quality of proven bulls of the Aberdeen Angus breed in different selections. Reliable information about the productive qualities of the daughters and cows of proven bulls is limited in Kazakhstan’s scientific literature. We aimed to identify bull-improvers by comparatively evaluating cows of different genotypes in terms of productive qualities. The study was conducted in the period of 2021–2023, during which four groups of cows were formed based on origin. In conclusion, the high influence of inheritance of breeding features from bull-improvers should be highlighted: 78.6% to the daughters of cows of group I (Estonian selection from Kolos-firma LLP: EE 14465116 ABAJA PORTOS 95283, DK 1989501341 FREDERIK 95220, and EE 16966079 ABAJA PATRICK 95305) and 74.5% to the daughters of cows of group III (Canadian selection from Vishnevskoe LLP: BH BRUIN 54X 1644270 and JL DISTRICT 0311 1594050). There was less influence from proven bulls of deteriorators of the Kazakh selection: 21.4% to the daughters of cows of group II from Kolos-firma LLP (KZP156547191) and 25.5% to the daughters of cows of group IV from Vishnevskoe LLP (Henri KZT157789649 and Argus KZT155778964). Therefore, it is recommended that valuable genotypes of imported selection are used in breeding work in the Kostanay and North Kazakhstan regions for the improvement of Aberdeen Angus cattle.

Currently, primary and secondary school education quality is a major source of concern for educators. A significant number of factors, such as the development of scientific and technological progress, technological innovations, and digitalization, affect the quality of education. In recent years, teachers have come to believe that the textbook they choose has a big influence on their students’ academic performance. To determine the difficulties of selecting e-learning materials for primary school students, a quasi-experimental study was conducted. The challenge of choosing instructional materials was examined using the example of a teacher’s selection of a mathematics textbook. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the teacher’s selection of an e-textbook for mathematics instruction affected the performance of fourth-grade students. The two selected test groups of the same size (140 students) included students from an elementary city school in Russia. The participants were nine years old on average. Participants in the second experimental group performed better on the final test (74.71) than those in the first (65.9), per ANCOVA analysis. There was a significant difference between the two groups’ test results (F = 10.84, p < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that primary school students’ performance levels can be significantly impacted by the choice of electronic textbooks to teach them. Additionally, the study indicated useful criteria for the selection of high-quality e-textbooks by teachers. These criteria allow educators to make a choice that may significantly influence the educational process. The findings of this study demonstrate that using e-textbook approval guidelines based on theoretically sound quality indicators can help prevent the use of subpar textbooks in classrooms and raise the standard of textbooks in general. The educational opportunities offered by primary school textbooks may also have an impact on students’ performances in higher grades. 

Environmental DNA (eDNA) technology is an essential tool for monitoring living organisms in ecological research. The combination of eDNA methods with traditional methods of ecological observation can significantly improve the study of the ecology of rare species. Here, we present the development and application of an eDNA approach to identify rare sturgeons in the lower reaches of the Ural River (Zhaiyk) (~1084 km). The presence of representatives of the genus Sturgeon was detected at all sites in spring (nine sites) and autumn (ten sites) while they were absent during the summer period, consistent with their semi-anadromous ecology. Detection in spring and autumn indicates the passage of spring and winter forms to the lower and upper spawning grounds, respectively. This study confirms the difficulties of species-specific identification of Eurasian sturgeon and provides the first documented eDNA detection of specimens of the genus Sturgeon in the Ural River. It also provides a biogeographic snapshot of their distribution, experimentally confirming their seasonal migrations in the lower reaches of the river. The successful detection of sturgeon motivates further eDNA surveys of this and other fish species for accurate species identification and population assessment, opening up prospects for the management of these threatened species 

An increased intensity of agricultural mineral fertilizers’ use to raise crop yields has disrupted the soil’s natural balance. Researchers worldwide continually analyze biological factors in farming systems as a transitional stage to organic farming to increase soil fertility. The presented study pursued evaluating the effect of organic products on the yield and quality indicators of chickpeas in the continental climate of the Kostanay Region, Republic of Kazakhstan. In this study, the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar Yubileinyi, sown with four variants, used various biological preparations and a control (pure sowing). The plant samples’ analysis ensued in the laboratory of the State Institution Republican Scientific and Methodological Center of Agrochemical Service, with the field experiments established in the Zarechnoye Agricultural Experimental Station Limited Liability Partnership. The object of the study was the cultivar. During the probe period, the experimental site climate had a continental characteristic, meteorological conditions were arid, and the hydrothermal coefficient was 1.0. Based on various experiment variants and the biological preparations, chickpea grain yield ranged from 8,740 to 13,699 kg ha-1 compared with the control treatment (7,980 kg ha-1). The chickpea’s quality indicators also showed improvements, and the grains harvested from one hectare contained 245.6 kg of protein and 62.4 kg of carbohydrates. The significant yield improvement in chickpeas was due to increased organic active substances in the different preparations used during the study. 

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli, a commensal intestine bacterium of vertebrates, is widely distributed in the environment and indicates the microbiological quality of food products in relation to coliforms. In addition, virulent strains, particularly E. coli O157:H7, cause outbreaks of toxic infections caused by consuming dairy products. Because food safety studies regarding E. coli have not been conducted in Central Asia, this research aimed to study the characteristics of contamination, microbiological and genotypic properties, and resistance to antimicrobial agents of E. coli strains that contaminate various types of commercialized cheeses originating from Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: In retail outlets, 207 samples of three types of cheese produced by 22 industrial and eight small enterprises in the central, eastern, southern, and northern regions of Kazakhstan were selected in 2020–2023. E. coli contamination was examined using standard microbiological, mass spectrometric, and molecular genetic methods. The discodiffuse European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing method was used to test the resistance of the identified E. coli isolates (65/207; 31.4%) to 20 antibacterial drugs. The Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (VT1 and VT2) and E. coli O157:H7 (eae) genes were investigated in all E. coli isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: An average of 31.4% samples of commercial Kazakhstani cheeses of various types were found to be contaminated with E. coli in almost all geographical regions of Kazakhstan, regardless of the productivity of the dairy enterprises. Soft cheeses produced by small farms (80% of samples) packaged at the retail site (100%) were the most contaminated with E. coli. The microbiological index (colony-forming unit/g) was unsatisfactory and unsuitable in 6.2% of such cheese samples. For the first time in Central Asia, the enteropathogenic strain E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 0.5% of cheese samples. E. coli isolates from cheese samples were resistant to 65% of antibacterial drugs and contained resistance genes to β-lactams, sulfonamides, and quinolones groups. At the same time, 25% of the E. coli isolates were multi-resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: The high level of contamination caused by multi-antibiotic resistant E. coli strains, including pathogenic pathogens, poses a risk to public health and highlights the need for further research on the monitoring and control of coliform enteropathogens in food products.  

B ackground: The background of this research lies in the pivotal role of protein breakdown during the mashing process for producing high-quality beer. Abnormal protein degradation can adversely impact beer properties and stability. This study explores the effects of different heat treatment temperatures on unmalted barley, aiming to enhance our understanding of how such treatments influence the fractional nitrogen composition of beer wort, thus contributing to improved brewing practices and product quality. Methods: The methodology includes complex research steps, including malt preparation, mash production, and a thorough analysis of nitrogen fractions, which allows for a detailed study of the dynamics of proteolysis during beer mashing. Results: In the obtained results, evaluating the amine nitrogen content in wort through chemical analysis unveils a consistent amine nitrogen level when thermal treatment of unmalted mash occurs between 100-138°C. Beyond this range, as the processing temperature of unmalted mash increases, there is a subsequent decrease in amine nitrogen content. Despite the efficient hydrolytic cleavage of starch in unmalted raw material due to elevated temperature treatment, the nitrogen content of the beer wort remains largely unaffected. Conclusion: The authors conclude that increasing the heat treatment temperature of unmalted barley has a significant impact on the total soluble nitrogen content in the resulting beer wort. This increase is mainly attributed to the high-molecular-weight nitrogenous substances of fraction A, showcasing the potential for controlled proteolysis. Furthermore, the study suggests that achieving optimal proteolysis by employing malt with high proteolytic activity and conducting proteolysis of unmalted barley proteins prior to heat treatment enhances the overall brewing process

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations

It should be noted that in some practical tasks, it is impossible not to take into account the temperature change. In this case, the energy equation should be added to the filtration equations. The algorithms of «random walk by spheres» and «random walk along boundaries» of Monte Carlo methods are used to solve regular degenerate filtration problems of two immiscible inhomogeneous incompressible liquids in a porous medium. The derivatives of the solution are evaluated using Monte Carlo methods. A model problem of filtration of a two-phase incompressible liquid with capillary forces is considered. 

Relevance. The authors consider the essence of the discursive competence of the future CLIL (content and language integrated learning) teacher. Purpose. The main goal of the discursive competence is based on the idea of acquiring and mastering speech skills and the ability to use a foreign language correctly in situations of professional communication. Due to the discursive competence, the future CLIL teacher activates his pedagogical subjectivity and becomes a determinant of his professional and social development. Methodology. The authors note that the successful development of the discursive competence is due to the use of various methods aimed at developing knowledge and skills not only for editing and creating written texts, but also for participating in their oral multilateral discussions. Results. Distinctive features of the discursive competence of the future CLIL teacher are sociality, unity, value orientation, the ability to carry out a dialogue, integrativity, dynamism, problematicness, continuity, practicality, and consistency. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that most students speak English at an elementary level, which may, in turn, affect the inability to build discourses in a foreign language. In this regard, the development of communication skills in these students, the ability to speak in a foreign language is becoming as an important aspect.  

A class Cn (λ, δ, a, γ ) is being introduced regular in the circle E = {z : ∣z∣ < 1} functions f (z), satisfying the condition | ((1- λ zn )(1- δ zn ) f (z))1/γ - a |≤ a, z ∊ E, where λ, δ ≥ 0, 0 < γ ≤ 1, a > 1/2, n ≥ 1. Class Cn (λ, δ, a, γ ) generalizes various subclasses of close-to-convex functions, including functions which are convex in a certain direction and functions with limited rotation. Estimates of the derivative and logarithmic derivative of the function f (z)∊ Cn (λ,δ, a, γ ) are found, and also the radii of the convexity of the class Cn (λ, δ, a, γ ). The case is also considered when the function f (z) has gaps in the expansion in a row. Similar results are formulated for the class Tn (λ,δ, a,γ ) of functions F(z), satisfying the condition | ((1 - λ zn)(1 - δ zn)F(z)/z)1/γ - a |≤ a, z∊ E, which generalizes classes of typically real and close-to-starlike functions. All results are accurate. With the appropriate selection of parameter values of λ,δ, a,γ, n both new and previously published results are obtained. 

The relevance of the subject matter lies in the essential importance of belt conveyors in the technological processes of processing crops and the need to investigate their dynamic characteristics as the most important factor of trouble-free operation. This study aims to explore the design and movement principles of belt conveyors, utilized by agricultural enterprises for grain collection and transportation. The methodological approach is a theoretical study of the general principles of improving the design and operating parameters of a belt conveyor for working with contaminated grain. The results obtained indicate that there is a direct relationship between the belt conveyor's performance parameters on the one hand and the conveyor belt's width, speed of movement, and density of transported grain mass on the other. All the obtained dependencies were presented in the form of mathematical equations. The main types of belt conveyors that are used to work with grain crops were also identified, and a classification of such technical devices was presented. The list of standardised regulatory documents that regulate the technical conditions for the use of belt conveyors is taken into consideration. The main design and operational characteristics of belt conveyors, which are used to work with heavily contaminated grain, were also determined. The prospects for their improvement are determined to optimise technological operations for the collection and transportation of grain crops at enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan's agricultural sector. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of their use in the development of belt conveyors designed to work with grain crops of a significant degree of contaminatio

Introduction. While the history of the deportation of Poles to the territory of the Kazakh SSR is a well-known fact, the fate of the “administratively exiled families of the repressed from the Western regions of Ukraine and Belarus” in the Kustanay region, the male population of which was included in the Polish military units (including the formation of the General Anders' Polish Army in late 1941 - early 1942 in Kustanay with a focus on the Polish emigrant government in London), remained out of the field of view of researchers. This article will address this gap. Methods and materials. The work was prepared on the basis of declassified materials from the funds of the state archives of Kazakhstan and Ukraine, the memories of Polish citizens, and direct witnesses of the war. Analysis. The article proves that many deported Polish citizens (including former servicemen) were drafted in the winter of 1941-1942 into the army of General W. Anders. The activities of the representative office of the “headquarters of the Polish Army in the USSR” on the territory of the Kazakh SSR were carried out under the strict control of the republican and local bodies of Soviet power. Results. The materials of the article reveal unknown pages in the history of the formation of the army of General W. Anders in Kazakhstan at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and will clarify the results of Soviet-Polish cooperation during the Great Patriotic War. Authors' contribution. D. Legkiy studied the corpus of declassified documents in the state archives of Kazakhstan and Ukraine, corresponded with Polish citizens, direct witnesses of the wartime, showed changes in Soviet-Polish relations at the beginning of Second World War and then the Great Patriotic War, showed the inconsistency of the policy of the Soviet authorities in relation to the representation of the Polish army in the USSR, and appreciated the result of the formation of Polish military formations in the territory of the Kustanay region of the Kazakh SSR. A. Logvinchuk analyzed the historiography of the issue, highlighted the course of mobilization of persons of Polish nationality into the ranks of the General Anders's army, studied the personal files of representatives of the Polish army in the city of Kustanay and reconstructed their biographical data, and compiled a scientific reference apparatus for the work. 

The article is devoted to the cultural interactions of the Makhanjar Neolithic tribes of Turgai (Northern Kazakhstan) and the Neolithic tribes of the forest-steppe Tobol region. The main Turgai population in the Neolithic era was the Makhanjar culture tribes. The chronology of the Makhanjar culture has recently been replenished with new dates, some of which point to the end of the 6th millennium BC. Recent studies have shown that some of the Turgai ceramics have direct analogies in the Trans-Ural Neolithic. These are ceramics of the Koshkino, Kozlovka-Puldenka and Boborykino appearance. The listed groups are small in number, which most likely indicates the foreign (alien) nature of the groups that produced this utensil. Interactions between the carriers of the Koshkino and Makhanjar traditions were, apparently, minimal. Unlike the Koshkino population, the contacts of the Makhanjars, Bobrykino and Poludenka population are well recorded. The most striking manifestation of the Makhanjar influence is the presence of a typical Makhanjar admixture of wool and animal hair in vessels with “ears” and “nodules”. It can be assumed that the Makhanjars, apparently, not only actively contacted the forest tribes, but also penetrated into their “environment” as exemplified by the finds of the Makhanjar ceramics in the Neolithic materials of the Trans-Urals. One cannot talk about some kind of a global migration. Most likely, we are talking about the penetration of small groups of the population, and possibly about such close contacts as marriage unions, i. e. family and marital relations.

Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan has great potential, still, it is characterized by several problems. The aspects of normative-legal regulation of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning financial relations in the sphere were summarized. The main statistical indicators of the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors of the state were analyzed. The analysis of the structure of investments in the enterprises of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. The main issues concerning the financing of agriculture of the state are defined and the directions of their solution are offered.

Background: An increasing number of drugs are used each year in the treatment of small pets (cats and dogs), including medicines (cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones) used in human therapy. Aim: The purpose of this study was to isolate and explore the antibiotic resistance of opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Ci trobacter, Enterobacter) from cats and dogs, and to isolate resistance genes in the microorganisms. Methods: In 2021, 808 samples of biological material from small domestic animals were collected in veterinary clinics in Kostanay. From these, 210 microorganisms were isolated and identified. Results: A large majority of the strains sampled belonged to E. coli—149 (70.9%), Enterobacter—11 (5.2%), Klebsiella—28 (13.3%), Proteus—12 (5.7%) and 10 Citrobacter isolates (4.8%). In all isolates identified, antibiotic resistance/sensitivity was determined by disc-diffusion method to ampicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, levomycetin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, cefoperazone, cefpodoxime, streptomycin, kanamycin, doxycycline, gemifloxacin, nalidixic acid, furazolidone, furadonine, amoxicillin, and enrofloxacin. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the greatest number of Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to the action of meropenem, which belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics; resistance was demonstrated against tetracycline, doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and cefpodoxime. The most common genes encoding antimicrobial resistance were as follows: BlaTEM and OXA in 41 and 28 isolates, respectively, encoding resistance to beta-lactams; StrA and StrB in 45 and 48 isolates encoding aminoglycosides; and tetA and tetB in 43 and 28 isolates encoding tetracyclines. Obtained data demonstrate that uncontrolled and frequent use of beta-lactam and tetracycline antibacterials, in cats and dogs, results in the spread of genotypic resistance among micro-organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

This study focuses on children’s literature in the Kazakh SSR during the 1950s. The contradictions of the period, including inconsistent language policies and the ideological attitudes of the Cold War, were reflected in the book publishing process. Key trends during this time include a shortage of children’s writers, a focus on publishing Russian-language works, and the unsatisfactory state of book publishing and printing. Drawing on archival documents, references, and reports from the Ministry of Education of Kazakhstan, the Central Committee of the LKSM of the Republic, the Union of Soviet Writers of Kazakhstan, party bodies, and book publishing houses, this study traces the criteria for selecting authors, themes, and content. Efforts were aimed at overcoming the’lag’ in children’s literature, but discrepancies in the volume of books published by Kazakh and Russian-speaking writers reveal that, despite government appeals and directives, the publishing process was irregular and influenced by changing external circumstances. Despite censorship and control, this period saw the emergence of works by Sapargali Begalin, Mikhail Zverev, Mukan Imanzhanov, Berdibek Sokpakbayev, A. Titov, and Abu Sarsenbayev, which have become classics of Kazakhstani children’s literature. 

Relevance. The relevance of the work is conditioned upon the need to study conceptual systems in national literatures from the standpoint of different approaches. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore and analyze modern literature, particularly Kazakh poetry, through linguistic and cultural lenses, aiming to elucidate the conceptual core and periphery of national identity while considering global influences and the integration of international concepts into the Kazakh poetic tradition. Methodology. The methodology of the article involves a comprehensive exploration of linguistic, cultural, and conceptual analysis methods applied to the study of Kazakh poetry, emphasizing the interplay between linguistic expression and cultural context, with a focus on identifying and interpreting key thematic and symbolic elements within the poetry of Zhyrau and other Kazakh poets, ultimately aiming to advance understanding of national identity and literary traditions. Results. In the article, the problems of analysing literary texts on the example of the poetry of Zhyrau and the creativity of Kazakh poets are thoroughly and voluminously comprehended, the conceptual systems of these authors with the key (basic) dominants of the steppe, Homeland, native land, home, childhood memories, natural philosophical sketches (description of the beauty of nature, the change of seasons) are represented. Conclusions. The materials used in the work may in the future become useful for continuing the in-depth study of the conceptual foundations of modern Kazakh poetry, analysing the reintegration of Eurasian concepts into a stable national system, tracking changes, opportunities for reinterpretation, developing the poetic arsenal in a semantic-linguistic and ideological way, understanding linguocultural, psycholinguistic, communicative, conceptual processes in the interdisciplinary study of Kazakh literary tradition.  

Introduction ‒ The model for implementing pedagogical technologies to the develop cognitive processes of secondary education students is highly significant in the present era. Objectives ‒ The purpose of the study is to substantiate and practically test some pedagogical technologies used in the process of secondary education. Methods ‒ To investigate this issue in more detail, theoretical research methods were used, namely: analysis, generalisation, synthesis, structural and functional methods, and empirical research methods such as testing, survey, and experiment. Results ‒ The main result of the study is the proof of the fact that pedagogical technologies for the development of cognitive abilities in students affect their success in learning and their level of productivity. Discussion ‒ The experimental part of the study showed that it is necessary to introduce such teaching methods as game techniques “In search of the truth,” “Perceive the date,” “Naughty numbers,” and “Black Box” in the development of chronological knowledge in history lessons, since the use of such techniques at any age contributes to the development of stable associative connections, as opposed to direct memorisation. Moreover, such training promotes the development of imagination, logical thinking of students, and memorisation mechanisms and effectively affects the development of cognitive abilities of the individual. The practical significance of this study is that all the materials can be used in educational institutions by teachers, students, and other researchers.

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy-Goursat problem for a loaded sine-Gordon equation. The main results of the work are the theorem on the uniqueness of the solution of the problem under consideration and the theorem on the evolution of the scattering data of the Dirac operator whose potential is related to the solution of the loaded sine-Gordon equation. The equalities obtained in the scattering data evolution theorem make it possible to apply the method of inverse scattering problem to solve the considered problem. 

The research on the relationship between meteorological conditions and atmospheric air pollution in Sofia city was conducted based on 1-hour data on meteorological variables (air temperature, global solar radiation, wind speed) and atmospheric pollutants (NO2, CO, O3, SO2, PM10) for 2012–2016. As a result of the correlation and regression analysis of the influence of meteorological variables on the daily concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, the strongest effect is expressed in ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10). In urban areas, air temperature (AT), the intensity of global solar radiation (GSR) and, wind speed (WS) have a stronger impact on the concentration of pollutants. There is a strong correlation between air temperature (r = 0.53 ÷ 0.76) and solar radiation (r = 0.65 ÷ 0.77) with ozone concentrations. An exception is the area of Orlov most, where there is an average correlation with temperature and a minor correlation with solar radiation. In regions (except Kopitoto) there are average correlations between air temperature and PM10, SO2, and CO (r = 0.55 ÷ 0.62). There is a weak correlation between NO2 and air temperature and solar radiation in the areas of Druzhba and Nadezhda.  

The research aims to investigate the influence of integrating innovative teaching technologies on the effectiveness of the educational process and student motivation. This article employed a quantitative research design utilizing a questionnaire. The total number of participants in the study was 150 students. Participants were divided into treatment and comparison groups: teaching in the treatment group was conducted using integrated teaching methods such as video lectures, multimedia presentations, and social networks, while the comparison group was taught in a traditional format. The average grade in the treatment group increased by 9.4 points, whereas in the comparison group, using traditional teaching methods, it increased by only 2.5 points. The level of student motivation in the treatment group was higher compared to the comparison group: 3.9 points and 3.0 points, respectively. These results indicate the positive influence of integrating teaching methods on academic performance and student motivation compared to traditional methods.  

Introduction. The work reconstructs the ideological component of Soviet children’s everyday school life in Kazakhstan, which had a huge impact on their socialization. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of the sociologist P. Sztompka about the significance of “cultural trauma” in the biography of any generation of people – social tension associated with changes in society, the transformation of its values. The method of narrative interview was used in the work. Interviews were conducted with over 20 respondents whose childhood was spent in Kazakhstan in 1945–1965. Analysis. Archival data and recollections of respondents show that the school, which traditionally carried out a certain order of society, was the main mechanism in the formation of the “new Soviet person.” During the period under study, the “order” was to form a Soviet identity, with which the Soviet school and socio-political organizations represented by the pioneers and the Komsomol in Kazakhstan successfully coped. Everyday school practice reflected the ideological component of school education – all respondents, assessing their childhood from today’s standpoint, are aware of the degree of this influence. Results. A number of mechanisms were analyzed through which the official Soviet authorities formed the consciousness of the future “builders of communism”: the school, ideologized and, in fact, obligatory children’s organizations, and propaganda. The identified correspondence between the propaganda ideal and the real image of a Soviet schoolchild indicates the acceptance and assimilation of socialist values by children in Kazakhstan. The data obtained open up prospects for new research on the history of Soviet children’s everyday lives. Authors contribution. A.A. Bimoldanova proposed the idea and concept of the article and wrote the final text. M.J. Bekmagambetova prepared a historiographic review, was engaged in the identification and analysis of documentary sources from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and R.K. Bekmagambetov carried out the transcription and interpretation of the interview materials and the technical design of the text of the article. All three authors interviewed respondents.

This article provides a content analysis of 10 interactive Russian-language and English-language projects to isolate documentaries from them and analyze the structure to derive the principles of constructing the narrative of an interactive film. Based on the study, the authors deduce three patterns of regularities of constructing the narrative of an interactive documentary film: a clear project structure with rationally chosen techniques that complement each other as part of the designer; the choice of a story, whose perception should not be linear and can be formed from independent elements; creation of convenient navigation, intuitive for users, as well as the creation of instructions for a complex project form. Interactive documentary films in this article are compared with video games, with which this direction of documentary science is similar to the user as a coauthor, as well as the use of technology. The article discusses the technology of shooting 360 degrees, which allows the user to “look around”. Considering the growing popularity of streaming channels, and web projects, interactive film has a future in documentary filmmaking. Creating an interactive film requires not only knowledge of technology and multimedia storytelling techniques, but also a solid foundation in perception psychology, and storytelling theory, as well as the ability to study and reinterpret the experiences of video game creators.

Relevance. The relevance of the problem under study lies in the need to study the legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the functioning Astana International Financial Center (AIFC), the current law of which interacts with the current law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Purpose. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to explore the interaction between the current law of the Astana International Financial Center and the current law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methodology. The method that was used to achieve the goal became systemic, functional, and hermeneutic were used as auxiliary ones. Results. The main results of this study: it was revealed that the current AIFC law and the current law of the Republic of Kazakhstan function as two independent institutions in accordance with the amendments to the Basic Law of Kazakhstan, complementing and mutually enriching each other. It is proved that the norms, principles, and precedents of the Anglo-Saxon legal system have a positive impact on the development of the legislative sphere of Kazakhstan, taking into account the national law of the Republic. An analysis is presented of how decisions and orders made on the territory of the AIFC are limited by acts of the court. The interaction and mutual influence of the current law of the Center with the system of generally binding norms of the Republic of Kazakhstan is substantiated. The theoretical aspects of the concept of the reception of law are disclosed. Also, in the course of the study, two approaches were revealed to the study of the functioning of the current law of the organization declared in the subject of the article, including the Anglo-Saxon legal system, and the system of generally binding norms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The practical significance of the article lies in proving that the jurisdiction of the above organizations, in the form of court decisions, extends not only to the territory of AIFC, located within the city of Astana – where a special legal regime prevails, but also throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 

This extensive 10-year study conducted in Northern Kazakhstan investigates the intricate relationship between soil management techniques, crop rotations, and soil organic matter (SOM) content in Chernozem soils, an essential agricultural resource in the region. The experiments were established at the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, characterized by a arid continental climate. The study systematically examined the impact of two primary soil management techniques, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), in combination with various crop rotations. The crop rotations tested included grain-fallow rotations, fruit-exchange crop rotations, and an eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation. The results provide valuable insights into the sustainable management of Chernozem soils in arid conditions, underscoring the role of crop rotation strategies in preserving SOM content. The findings reveal that among the crop rotations tested, the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation exhibited the most favorable outcomes for SOM preservation. This rotation helped maintain relatively stable SOM levels over the 10-year study period, contributing to soil health and fertility. In the context of the region's arid climate, the choice of soil management technique (CT or NT) had a limited impact on SOM content. The stability of SOM levels across diverse crop rotations and years highlights the dominant influence of crop management practices in this distinctive agricultural environment. This research serves as a valuable reference for tailored approaches to ensure soil health and organic matter preservation in the unique conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. It promotes the adoption of diversified crop rotations, with particular emphasis on the effectiveness of the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation, as a powerful strategy to mitigate organic matter loss, enhance soil quality, and optimize soil fertility in arid agricultural landscapes. The insights gained from this study are vital for sustainable land management in the region and underscore the importance of region-specific, holistic investigations to guide effective agricultural practices. The findings offer a solid foundation for the development of strategies that address soil health and safeguard the integrity of essential soil resources in these unique environments. The study conducted at the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station in Northern Kazakhstan between 2011 and 2021 provides critical insights into the relationship between soil management techniques, crop rotations, and SOM content in Chernozem soils. The research suggests that diversified crop rotations, particularly the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation, represent a promising approach for mitigating organic matter loss and enhancing soil quality in arid regions.  

Relevance. In accordance with the requirements of modern society, it has become necessary to change approaches to teaching in pedagogical higher educational institutions. The problem of preparing bachelors in the speciality “Mathematics” for professionally oriented teaching of mathematical disciplines to schoolchildren is becoming urgent. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify methods and forms of professionally oriented mathematics teaching in the educational process of pedagogical higher educational institutions. Methodology. Methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, pedagogical observation, interviews, and questionnaires were used to achieve the goal. Results. During the study, it was established that the method of mathematical modelling can be the basis for professionally oriented teaching of mathematics, and the use of modern technologies can improve the educational process. A survey was conducted among students of the Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University to determine the relevant problems in the preparation of bachelors of the speciality “Mathematics”. Based on the results obtained, a model of bachelor’s degree preparation for professional activity and professionally oriented education of schoolchildren was built, the effectiveness of which was tested. Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrated that the method of mathematical modelling is effective in preparing students for professionally oriented teaching of schoolchildren and the formation of their mathematical literacy. In addition, after introducing the proposed model into the educational process, students’ readiness for professional activity and professionally oriented training increased by 19%, demonstrating its positive impact on the preparation of bachelors. The results of this study can be used by the management of pedagogical higher educational institutions and teachers to improve the educational process and effectively form the professional competencies of future specialists.

Despite advancements in the application of artificial intelligence for monitoring and predicting pavement conditions, current models are not extensively utilized due to their limited adaptability and inadequate consideration of environmental variables. This study focuses on developing enhanced models for predicting the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) using artificial neural networks and the backpropagation algorithm. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the predictions. The models were trained using a dataset of 1, 614 samples collected during an experiment conducted on a motorway between Kostanai and Astana. The dataset included information on asphalt pavement thickness, subgrade, traffic loads, temperature, precipitation, and deflectometer data. The architecture model with the highest performance, labeled as 9–9–1, attained peak efficiency with a value of 0.0344 after 22 training iterations. The results demonstrated a high level of accuracy, as indicated by a multiple correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.954, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.125, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.162. The developed models possess the capability to extrapolate information, adjust to variations, and accurately forecast the rate of roadway deterioration.

The identification of new virus strains will prevent the development of outbreaks thanks to the development and use of vaccines. The aim of the work was to isolate and sequence the genome of lumpy skin disease virus from an epizootic in the Kostanay region. The genetic material of virions was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); viral antigens and antibodies to them have been determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or diffusion test methods; to accumulate the material, the virus has been cultivated in lamb testicle monoclonal cell; new generation sequencing has been performed using MiSeq System and FastQ software; strain affiliation has been established by the BLASTN-alignment method. Specific amplicons of the virus with a length of 347 bp. were detected in skin samples but not found in blood. Antigens in 1:5-1:320 dilutions were identified in skin material and 2-3 passages of monoclonals; less antigenic activity was found in the blood in a 1:2 dilution. In response to the pathogen, specific immunoglobulins were synthesized in the serum of 67% of the studied animals and were detected in dilutions of 1:100-1:400. The viral material was accumulated in monoclonals and isolated in a sucrose gradient. The whole-genome sequence of the obtained material confirmed the isolation of a new strain of nodular dermatitis virus with a percentage of similarity to the closest homologues of 99.66%. The strain was named Dermatitis nodularis bovum/2018/Kostanay/KZ; the sequence has been submitted to GeneBank, and the object has been deposited in the Collection of Microorganisms under accession number M-9-21/D. The obtained information can be used to prevent the spread of foci of cattle infection.

The Bestamak burial ground is located in the center of the Turgai trough, which connects the West Siberian and Turanian plains. The data obtained during its study suggests that of all prehistoric sites, closest to Bestamak is the well-known Sintashta largest burial ground (Sintashta mogila; SM). The analysis of combinations of versions of artifacts in the graves of the burial ground shows that the community that formed it developed peacefully without major cataclysms over the lifetime of three generations of leaders. This gives us an opportunity of trying to reconstruct the social aspects of its functioning. This article represents such an attempt. The social heterogeneity of the community can be seen starting from the peculiarities of the burial structures. Some of the members were buried on a special ritual-sacrificial slot of the burial ground, without a moat. Unfortunately, it is unclear whether they formed a separate group during their lifetime or whether the selection was carried out as the moment arose. At the same time, the property qualification was not in effect, and the attempt to exclude the most able-bodied age group can be observed. The latter suggests not a random, but rather purposeful selection of candidates for a special burial. The absolute predominance of axe-adzes and quiver sets of arrows in male burials demonstrates the leading role of men in the most important aspects that ensured the very possibility of the existence of the community. The main tools of women's labor (knife, needle and piercer) show that a significant proportion of their activities was sewing, and normally their production-household work was taking place within the settlement. However, in two female burials (graves 10 and 51) quiver sets of arrows were found, and in two (graves 51 and 111) axe-adzes. These findings demonstrate the possibility of involvement of women in almost all aspects of functioning of the community and, accordingly, allow us to assume their rather high social status. Two main social strata can be observed within the community. Elite burials are often marked by a pair of intact horse skeletons placed above the burial chamber. These are considered to be an important feature of the “chariot complex”. Since in our case pairs of horses were found not only in single male burials, but also in single female ones (graves 26 and 35), as well as in the burials of adults with children (graves 20 and 170), it appears we are dealing not just with charioteers themselves, but rather with the elite (“equestrian”) segment of the community, whose representatives had the right and opportunity to use chariots. Ordinary community members (“shepherds”) did not have the right for a chariot, moreover, their burials did not contain a horse sacrifice. They dealt with small and large cattle in the meantime providing for the needs of the “equestrian” ones. The elite supplied ge-neral civil (sign of a mace), military (sign of a battle ax), and ritual-sacred (sign of a sickle) leaders, as well as those in metal production (sign of a blower nozzle). In the ritual-sacred sphere, it was sometimes possible for a woman to perform the functions of a leader. Initially, in each of these areas, the leaders were separate. At some stage of the development of the community, this changed. In burial 140, the deceased is accompanied by a pair of horses, a chariot, a mace, a battle axe, sickles, other metal items (15), a quiver set of arrows, etc. It appears that during his lifetime he possessed the fullness of civil, military and ritual-sacred power, which was supported by the ability to operate significant, on a community scale, material resources. There is a reason to believe that property differentiation was interconnected with the hierarchy system. The “equestrian” members clearly had the opportunity to consume a larger share of the social product than the “shepherds”.

Arboreal hemipterans are a part of the living world, occupying a special place in natural food chain and contact with many living organisms in nature. The purpose of the research is to study and describe the fauna of arboreal hemipterans in the South-Eastern Kazakhstan region. This research was conducted according to various methods generally accepted in the field of entomology. Also materials were processed in laboratory conditions. Samples were collected from 48 locations in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. In total, 939 specimens were collected, including 442 males (47%), 429 females (46%) and 68 nymphs (7%). As a result of the study, 57 species of arboreal hemipterans belonging to 9 families were identified in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. They are Miridae (15 species), Pentatomidae (11 species), Acanthosomatidae (8 species), Lygaeidae (7 species), Anthocoridae (6 species), Nabidae (4 species), Aradidae (4 species), Reduviidae (3 species), Tingidae (2 species). In addition, the article provides information about the nutritional relationships, the number of generations they give per year (voltinism), and the habitats of arboreal hemipterans. Information about the biology of arboreal hemipterans plays an important role in assessing the stability of the biodiversity in the area where they live.

The experiment was performed on 20 male Alpine goat kids that were weaned at 30±3 days of age, and were divided into a control group (C, n=10) and an experimental group (E, n=10). During a 60-day rearing period, all animals were fed identical diets composed of milk replacer, supplementary feed mix and haylage. The diet for group E was supplemented with b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB) in the amount of 50 mg kg-1 body weight. The kids were slaughtered at 90±3 days of age. Carcass quality was evaluated, and the chemical composition, physicochemical parameters, and sensory attributes of the quadriceps femoris muscle (musculus quadriceps femoris) were determined. It was found that group E animals were characterized by higher (p≤0.05) values of live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, weights of the neck, middle neck, and flank with ribs, as well as higher (p≤0.05) values of leg length, loin eye height and area. An analysis of meat quality revealed that meat from kids administered HMB was characterized by lower (p≤0.05) water-holding capacity, and lower (p≤0.05) juiciness and tenderness, as confirmed by shear force values. In comparison with group C, the intramuscular fat of group E kids had a lower (p≤0.05) content of linolenic acid and a higher (p≤0.05) content of eicosapentaenoic acid. The results of this study indicate that HMB dietary supplementation has a positive effect on increasing the body weight and thus the carcass weight, and that it improves some carcass quality indicators of goat kids. 

Objective of the study was to study the dynamics of changes in biochemical parameters in the blood of weightlifters and to identify the magnitude and direction of individual changes in biochemical markers within the mesocycle of the training process before and after participation in international competitions. Methods and structure of the study. Biochemical control was carried out at the final stage of preparation for the Asian Championships against the backdrop of peak training loads and immediately after participation in competitions. Weightlifters (8 women) (n=8), who were members of the national team of the Republic of Kazakhstan, took part in the study. Control was carried out 4 and 2 weeks before participation in the championship and immediately after it. Results and conclusions. During training, weightlifters successfully coped with high training loads with a pronounced focus on activating the creatine phosphate mechanism for energy supply to muscle work. The majority of subjects were characterized by low values of metabolic biomarkers, such as CPK and AST, which indicates a high level of adaptive potential in athletes during the entire training period. Low levels of CPK and muscle tissue damage index had a positive impact on the effectiveness of the training process of weightlifters and made it possible to achieve high rates of growth in sports and technical indicators. As a result, the women's team performed successfully at the Asian Championships and won 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals. 

– The study aims to develop a methodology for selecting and justifying a multi-energy hub based on renewable energy sources for agricultural complex. The methodology has an international dimension and was tested for the pilot case of the study in an agricultural site in Kazakhstan. The methodology consists of two parts. With the help of the EnergyPro software package, simulation of technical and economic analysis and optimization of energy hub operation for several different energy generation units was carried out. During the simulation, four different scenarios of an energy hub based on solar and wind energy, biomass and heat pump as well as coal-based fossil energy sources were considered. The second part of the methodology was based on the economic justification of climate-neutral technological solutions using multi-energy hubs in the agriculture sector. Climate neutrality diagram was created by use of GHG emission trading experience for a detailed technical and economic analysis and selection of the best renewable sources from various installation sites. Results show that the most promising and cost-effective option is the scenario with an integrated wind park, heat pump and biomass boiler

The work aims to analyze the associations of polymorphic variants of the PRL and BLG genes with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis in Holstein cows. The experimental study consisted of the selection of biomaterial samples from 250 heads of Holstein cows aged 3 years divided into two groups (healthy and with a confirmed diagnosis of mastitis). The determination of animal genotypes was carried out using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The study of the nature of the association of polymorphic variants of the PRL and BLG gene with resistance/increased risk of mastitis established a significant deviation from the theoretically expected distribution of bBLG-HaeIII genotypes in the group of animals suffering from mastitis (the value of χ2 was 0.24). The bBLG-HaeIIIBB genotype can act as a marker of an increased risk of developing mastitis in Holstein cows; its frequency in the group of sick animals exceeds the frequency in the control group by more than 2 times (44.0 compared to 17.0%, respectively). The bBLG-HaeIIIAB genotype is significantly associated with mastitis resistance in Holstein cows; its frequency is 2 times lower than in the control group (28.0 compared to 54.0%). 

The pandemic-induced shift to distance learning brought significant changes to supplementary education, impacting content representation, teaching methods, assessment, and digital interaction. The purpose of the study was to investigate the readiness of supplementary technical education teachers in Kazakhstan to employ distance technologies in developing schoolchildren's technical creativity during and after the pandemic. Furthermore, the study aimed to implement a professional development program to enhance teachers' preparedness. To achieve the goal of the study, the authors used theoretical analysis to assess teachers' readiness for distance technologies. When developing a professional program, the modeling method was used. Empirical methods, including student portfolios, curriculum assessment through peer review, and semi-structured interviews, were conducted in four regions of Kazakhstan in 2022-2023 with the participation of 30 technical education teachers. Results indicate that teachers with varying levels of experience initially exhibited differences in motivational, content-based, and procedural readiness. However, the Moodle program positively influenced these aspects for both groups. This study offered insights into the transformation of teacher readiness in supplementary technical education amidst evolving educational landscapes. The recommendations and outcomes can be applied to the systems of supplementary technical education for children in terms of organization, analysis, and sustainability of approaches to the creation of digital content.

The pandemic-induced shift to distance learning brought significant changes to supplementary education, impacting content representation, teaching methods, assessment, and digital interaction. The purpose of the study was to investigate the readiness of supplementary technical education teachers in Kazakhstan to employ distance technologies in developing schoolchildren's technical creativity during and after the pandemic. Furthermore, the study aimed to implement a professional development program to enhance teachers' preparedness. To achieve the goal of the study, the authors used theoretical analysis to assess teachers' readiness for distance technologies. When developing a professional program, the modeling method was used. Empirical methods, including student portfolios, curriculum assessment through peer review, and semi-structured interviews, were conducted in four regions of Kazakhstan in 2022-2023 with the participation of 30 technical education teachers. Results indicate that teachers with varying levels of experience initially exhibited differences in motivational, content-based, and procedural readiness. However, the Moodle program positively influenced these aspects for both groups. This study offered insights into the transformation of teacher readiness in supplementary technical education amidst evolving educational landscapes. The recommendations and outcomes can be applied to the systems of supplementary technical education for children in terms of organization, analysis, and sustainability of approaches to the creation of digital content.

This study described the results of a surveillance program monitoring circulation of influenza A viruses among domestic pigs (Sus domesticus) in Kazakhstan during 2018–2021. PCR data derived from 2,513 samples (nasopharyngeal swabs) collected from swine on large pig complexes and peasant farms located in different regions of Kazakhstan revealed that about 5% of samples were positive for influenza A virus RNA. This result suggested low levels of influenza A virus circulation in Kazakhstan. Subtyping of a set of samples revealed that the main strains circulating in 2018–2019 were A/H1N1 and A/H3N2. Surveillance conducted in 2020–2021 identified only A/H1N1 viruses in swine. The PCR data were confirmed by isolation of six strains: five influenza A/H1N1 viruses and one A/H3N2 virus.

This research aims to study the isolates of pathogenic fungi under a microscope with their visualization using fluorescent staining. Phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium sp. were assessed using real-time PCR. The highest concentration from the standard F. cerealis series (3,000, 300, 30, and 0 ng DNA/mL) showed a Ct value of 26, while the non-matrix control Ct was almost 40 for both fungus and plant primers. Amplification curves were also obtained for healthy and infected barley stems and leaves. DNA extracts from the infected barley stems and leaves showed a Ct value ranging from 26 to 30. These results corresponded to the concentrations of 300-3,000 ng/mL of F. cerealis and F. proliferatum DNA, respectively. At Ct 36, the DNA content in healthy barley leaves and stems was the same as in non-matrix controls. The dissociation curves for F. cerealis DNA extracted from the infected barley stems and leaves peaked at 87°C, thus being identical to the peak obtained with pure F. cerealis DNA. To prevent the infection of barley crops with phytopathogenic fungi, it is necessary to apply an integrated approach, which involves ecological principles of protection. Following this strategy, it was possible to successfully apply crop rotation and tillage.

The need for IT professionals with fluency in foreign languages becomes increasingly critical as the Kazakhstani government implements steps to foster IT innovation. However, there are structural, geographical and professional imbalances in the interaction of supply and demand for IT professionals who can speak a foreign language in the modern labour market which is the main problem that is currently hindering the growth of the IT sector in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to assess the development of subject communicative language competencies (a) in linguistic or grammatical ability and (b) in discourse ability in first-year students for the proposed author's innovative learning technique in the educational process as well as the appropriate technological and systematic procedures. A mixed-research method was used in this study. The study involved 365 learners in the "Informatics" direction at the International University of Information Technologies in Almaty, Kazakhstan during the school year 2021-2022. According to the findings, the experiment participants did not develop subject-related communicative language competencies. The results show that the degree of capability formation is not satisfactory. 52.8% is the basic level, 41.6% is the production point and only 5.8% is the high level. Positive dynamics shaping learners' subject-related language communication competencies were identified as a result of the implementation of innovative techniques. This paper contributes to the research on teaching IT students in developing countries and highlights the most important factors that contribute to improve the level of subject-related communicative language competencies of IT students.

Sturgeon species hold significant commercial and ecological value, with many listed as endangered. Understanding their genetic structure is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. The main aim of this study is to examine the genetic structure of sturgeon, which can provide a foundation for creating strategies to conserve these species. A total of 121 sturgeon individuals were analyzed using microsatellite molecular markers (STR) to conduct the study on the genetic structure of sturgeon fish species. DNA was extracted from fin tissues using a commercial kit, and genotyping was conducted using seven microsatellite loci. Cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) were performed to identify genetic differentiation among populations. The analysis showed differences in genetic diversity between the Siberian sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, and beluga samples. A deficiency of heterozygotes was discovered in artificial samples of sturgeon, indicating possible inbreeding. Genetic analysis has also revealed genetic differentiation between populations, possibly due to geographic structure or other factors. The study allows us to recommend increasing genetic diversity by introducing individuals from natural environments into sturgeon populations in aquaculture. Regular monitoring of genetic parameters in aquaculture populations and monitoring diversity dynamics are also crucial for the conservation and sustainability of sturgeon populations. The findings could help shape conservation strategies, especially in managing genetic diversity in aquaculture and reducing the risks associated with inbreeding and genetic drift.

Cost-effective animal husbandry directly depends on the correct breeding of replacement young animals using diets corresponding to the feeding rate for all nutrition elements of the detailed system. Critical to these diets are biogenic elements, pivotal in enzymatic reactions and immune defense. However, specifics on enhancing nutrient absorption through dietary supplements remain underexplored, particularly in the context of calves' preweaning growth. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a phytomineral complex and an enzyme preparation, GlucoluxF, on the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients in preweaning calves' diets. This scientific and economic experiment was performed on 64-month-old black-and-white breed heifers divided into four groups with balanced randomization to ensure representativeness. Each group was kept based on the group method and received the same diet following the keeping technology adopted on the farm. Apart from the main diet received by all the experimental groups, the second group additionally received a phytomineral complex at the rate of 100 mL per head per day, the third group received an enzyme preparation GlucoluxF at the rate of 500 g per t of compound feed and the fourth group received both feed supplements in the same doses. The obtained data allowed us to establish the effectiveness of the combined use of the feed supplements in the diet of the replacement young animals, which activated the processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the diet and increased the amount of pure energy for the anabolic processes of the body. Findings suggest that the strategic addition of a phytomineral complex and GlucoluxF to the diets of preweaning calves can significantly enhance the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients. This study contributes to the field by providing a detailed examination of the effects of these dietary supplements, underscoring their potential value in advancing nutritional strategies for young livestock. 

Today, creating innovation and development in green industries is considered as one of the factors of economic and social development. In this article, through a questionnaire at the level of innovation projects, a model for the management of innovation projects has been developed and its structural equation has been presented. The approach of this research is quantitative exploratory using thematic analysis method. Therefore, 235 people in green industries of Kazakhstan have been interviewed, focusing on active projects during 2022-2023. The findings of the research evaluate the main themes of communication management, economic and social development and innovation based on knowledge as areas of interest and provide new frameworks around the way of implementing their processes. Research hypotheses at the level of innovation projects have been examined from the perspective of green industry management knowledge and their impact on industry performance has been identified. Furthermore, by evaluating the relationship between working performance, technology, and collaboration in green industries, it was discovered that both working performance and technology have a significant influence on employee performance, both independently and collectively. The obtained results indicate that social capital and knowledge transfer are effective on the innovative performance of green industries. 

Coliform bacteria contaminate dairy products and pose public health concerns including food poisoning and toxemia. We aimed to determine the species diversity of coliforms and to evaluate the resistance to antibiotics of E. coli in various types of cheese sold by local producers in Kazakhstan. We collected 197 samples from different cheeses sold by producers in the Kostanay (n = 89), East Kazakhstan (n = 70) and Akmola (n = 38) regions and studied by classical microbiological and mass spectrometric methods for contamination with coliforms in certificated for bacterial pathogens’ research laboratories. Such investigation of cheese was experienced the first time in Central Asia. We isolated five coliform bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter braakii) in 45.2% of the samples. E. coli and C. freundii were dominant. Antibacterial resistance of E. coli isolates (n = 65) to 19 antibiotics was investigated by the disc-diffusion and molecular genetic (PCR) methods. Isolates were sensitive to drugs of the aminoglycosides group and resistant to 60% of the β-lactams group drugs (ampicillin, cefpodoxime, cefoperazone) and to an agent out of four of the fluoroquinolones group (enrofloxacin). Some E. coli strains were multi-drug resistance to tetracyclines, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. PCR of E. coli isolates revealed genes that encoded the resistance to β-lactams in 15.4%, to sulfonamides in 30.8% and quinolones in 9.3% of cheese samples, providing sufficient biotic potential for the transfer of these genes to intestinal biocenosis bacteria of humans. 

Relevance. The relevance of this article is conditioned by the flexible development of the educational possibilities of the virtual environment at the present time. From an early age, every student has free access to any information on the Internet, considering this fact, a priority area in the training of teachers is formed, assigning the role of virtual communication in the development of personality since elementary school. The article actualises the content of the development of spiritual culture among modern primary school teachers at the personal and professional levels. The study considers the value bases of the professional activity of primary school teachers. Purpose. The purpose of this research is in the theoretical substantiation and development of methodological theses for the use of a virtual educational environment in the practice of primary school teachers. This article is devoted to the issue of preparing primary school teachers to use a virtual educational environment in their practice for the development of their spiritual culture by means of a virtual educational environment. Methodology. To achieve this purpose, the corresponding tasks were determined, including methods for solving them (namely analysis and modelling methods). Results. As a result of this study, the main problems of using the virtual educational environment were identified, the positions of the selection of material for the development of spiritual culture using the virtual educational environment in the practice of primary school teachers were characterised. Conclusions. Reasoned theoretical provisions and conclusions of the study "The use of the virtual educational environment in the development of the spiritual culture of primary school teachers" base the prerequisites for their practical introduction in the educational process of higher educational institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which will allow solving the issue of selecting conditions, methods, and opportunities for teaching primary school teachers using a virtual educational environment to develop spiritual aspects.  

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the use of genetic markers in cattle of the Kazakh white-headed breed identified using a genome-wide association study. The object of the study was the livestock of 790 Kazakh white-headed bulls bred in breeding farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study adheres to rigorous ethical standards, with all procedures approved by the national scientific council of the national center for state scientific and technical expertise of the science committee of the ministry of science and higher education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ensuring the welfare and ethical treatment of all animals involved. Genotypes of Kazakh white-headed breed animals were determined using gene seek GGP Bovine 150 K (Neogen) chips. Data processing was carried out using Genome Studio and Plink software. Seven genotype markers associated with an increase in live weight at the age of 12 months were found in cattle of the Kazakh white-headed breed and the greatest phenotypic effect was found in the genotype rs42549324/EPHA8/GG. Evaluation of the phenotypic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on the average daily weight gain of Kazakh white-headed breed animals showed that 13 genotypes that increased this trait, as well as 38 genotypes that decreased it, were associated with this trait. Analysis of the growth intensity and economic efficiency of breeding Kazakh white-headed breed animals showed that animals carrying the rs109490287/CC genotype had the largest absolute gain compared to the total sample; and animals with the rs136460595/SEMA6D/GG genotype, on the contrary, were characterized by the smallest absolute gain compared to the total sample. According to the results of the median test, 39 diplotypes were found in the Kazakh white-headed breed that increased live weight at the age of 12 months, of which 18 diplotypes had a more pronounced phenotypic effect than the separate genotype rs42549324/EPHA8/GG. The median test also allowed for revealing 53 diplotypes associated with increased average daily gain, of which 12 were characterized by a more pronounced phenotypic effect compared to individual marker genotypes, as well as 26 diplotypes affecting reduced indicators of average daily gain. Our findings contribute significantly to the field by identifying specific genetic markers that can be used to predict and improve meat productivity in the Kazakh white-headed cattle breed. This research not only adds to the genetic knowledge base of this particular breed but also offers practical applications for breeders aiming to enhance meat production efficiency through genetic selection.

The study focuses on the enhancement of e-voting blockchain network security through the integration of artificial intelligence. The critical problem addressed is the existing limitations in real-time threat detection and anomaly detection within blockchain transactions. These limitations can compromise the integrity and security of blockchain networks, making them vulnerable to attacks and fraudulent activities. The core results of the research include the development and implementation of sophisticated AI algorithms designed to enhance the monitoring of blockchain transactions and the auditing of smart contracts. These AI-driven advancements introduce unique features, such as the capability to detect and respond to security threats and anomalies in real-time. This significantly strengthens and optimizes the security frameworks of blockchainsystemsine-voting. These results are explained by the strategic application of machine learning and natural language processing methodologies. By employing these advanced AI techniques, the study has achieved more accurate and efficient threat detection, thereby addressing the security challenges previously mentioned. The practical applications of these findings are extensive and diverse. Enhanced security mechanisms can be utilized in financial transactions, supply chain management, and decentralized applications, providing a robust framework for improved blockchain-based e-voting security. In conclusion, integrating AI into blockchain security mechanisms addresses current limitations in threat detection and offers a scalable and effective solution for future security challenges 

Phytop 8.67 is a modern biological multifunctional preparation that has a complex effect on cultivated plants, harmful organisms, and soil. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the biological preparation Phytop 8.67 on increasing yields and improving the quality of rice grains. Rice of the Marzhan variety growing on meadow/marsh rice soils was studied. The use of phytop 8.67 proved to be an effective method of increasing the productivity of rice culture in saline soils of the Kazakhstan Aral Sea region. The productivity of rice with three-time uses in the phases of vegetation in the production experiment increased by 25-30% compared to the control variants. In the field, the biological preparation provided an increase in grain yield from 20.0-25.3 c/ha. The increase in rice yield was due to the improvement of the elements of the crop structure. Pre-sowing treatment of seed material contributed to an increase in seed germination and greater plant viability by the end of the growing season. In the tillering phase, the tilling capacity of rice increased up to 2.2 times, as well as the length and the number of grains per ear of the main panicle and the weight of grain from one plant. 

At present, the processes of natural recovery, vegetation coverage, and degraded lands of several coal, iron ore, uranium, and polymetallic mines and gold-bearing deposits are well-studied. The present study aims to identify opportunities to shape the soil layer and vegetation cover on reclaimed dumps/tailings of industrial waste and degraded land via artificial restoration. For this purpose, in July 2023, studies of overgrowth processes were conducted in the Kara-Agash gold-bearing field, Central Kazakhstan, which had been subjected to industrial impact. The deposit's territory has gold-bearing ore mining pits and primary processing areas, including leaching stacks. The processes of plant community formation at heap leaching sites and the technogenic impact caused by economic activity were investigated. Assessment of the floristic composition and density of the vegetation cover revealed a total of 47 species of higher vascular plants. General projective coverage in control plots on territory unaffected by economic activity reaches up to 80. The plant species that exhibit the most vigorous growth and initiate primary succession were identified. These species are endemics and can be used for artificial overgrowth of technogenically disturbed lands. 

Due to the need to achieve the principles of sustainable development and to understand the processes of formation of phytocenoses in areas that were adversely affected by the industrial impact, this study assessed the condition of the Grachevsky uranium mine (Kazakhstan), which underwent conservation procedures about 25 years ago. The purpose is to determine the level of water quality and phytocenosis of the shores of the reservoir accumulating natural effluents from reclaimed dumps and anthropogenic sites of a uranium mine, as well as quality indicators and toxicology. The assessment included a qualitative research method (analysis of documents) to determine agro-climatic conditions and empirical methods of collecting information. The authors studied the intensity of ionizing radiation of the gamma background of the water surface of the reservoir (and sections of the shoreline and territories adjacent to the reservoir), and hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the reservoir, and performed a description of the botanical diversity. The vegetation cover of the sections of the reservoir shore is at different stages of syngenesis and is represented by pioneer groupings, group thicket communities, and diffuse communities. Favorable ecological conditions for the settlement and development of plants develop within the shores of the reservoir. The intensity levels of ionizing radiation do not exceed the maximum permissible levels and practically do not affect the formation of phytocenoses. An anthropogenically modified dry meadow with the participation of plants typical of the steppe zone has been formed on the floodplain terrace. Concerning the indicators of quality and toxicology of this reservoir, the water can be used for household and drinking purposes under the condition of prior water treatment. It can be concluded that a high level of natural purification of the reservoir waters occurred within twenty years after the reclamation of the uranium mine.

We compiled a checklist of endemic vascular plants occurring in Kazakhstan, employing an exhaustive examination of literature sources, herbarium collections, databases and field observations. Our study reveals that 451 taxa can be considered endemic to Kazakhstan, constituting 7.97% of the total vascular plant diversity in the country. These endemic taxa, originating from 139 genera and 34 families, predominantly thrive in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, specifically in the mountain ridges of the Kazakh part of the Tian Shan, including Karatau (123 taxa), Dzungarian Alatau (80 taxa) and Trans-Ili and Kungey Alatau (50 taxa). Notably, 107 endemic species are granted legal protection. Detailed information regarding life form, life cycle, conservation status and geographical distribution across floristic regions was meticulously compiled for each endemic taxon. Of the six groups of life forms, herbs include the highest part of endemic taxa (367 taxa), followed by dwarf semishrubs (25 taxa), shrubs (23 taxa), subshrubs (20 taxa), undershrubs (13 taxa) and trees (3 taxa). The observed life cycles are perennials (408 taxa), annuals (33 taxa) and biennials (10 taxa). This paper serves as a fundamental groundwork for prospective investigations aimed at assessing population sizes and hotspots of plant endemism throughout Kazakhstan, crucial for determining conservation status of endemic plants.