Ôàéëîâûå êîìàíäû|
ls – ñïèñîê ôàéëîâ è êàòàëîãîâ
ls -al – ôîðìàòèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê ñî ñêðûòûìè êàòàëîãàìè è ôàéëàìè
cd dir – ñìåíèòü äèðåêòîðèþ íà dir
cd – ñìåíèòü íà äîìàøíèé êàòàëîã
pwd – ïîêàçàòü òåêóùèé êàòàëîã
mkdir dir – ñîçäàòü êàòàëîã dir
rm file – óäàëèòü file
rm -r dir – óäàëèòü êàòàëîã dir
rm -f file – óäàëèòü ôîðñèðîâàííî file
rm -rf dir – óäàëèòü ôîðñèðîâàííî êàòàëîã dir
cp file1 file2 – ñêîïèðîâàòü file1 â file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 – ñêîïèðîâàòü dir1 â dir2; ñîçäàñò êàòàëîã dir2, åñëè îí íå ñóùåñòâóåò
mv file1 file2 – ïåðåèìåíîâàòü èëè ïåðåìåñòèòü file1 â file2. åñëè file2 ñóùåñòâóþùèé êàòàëîã - ïåðåìåñòèòü file1 â êàòàëîã file2
ln -s file link – ñîçäàòü ñèìâîëè÷åñêóþ ññûëêó link ê ôàéëó file
touch file – ñîçäàòü file
cat > file – íàïðàâèòü ñòàíäàðòíûé ââîä â file
more file – âûâåñòè ñîäåðæèìîå file
head file – âûâåñòè ïåðâûå 10 ñòðîê file
tail file – âûâåñòè ïîñëåäíèå 10 ñòðîê file
tail -f file – âûâåñòè ñîäåðæèìîå file ïî ìåðå ðîñòà, íà÷èíàåò ñ ïîñëåäíèõ 10 ñòðîê
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Óïðàâëåíèå ïðîöåññàìè|
ps – âûâåñòè âàøè òåêóùèå àêòèâíûå ïðîöåññû
top – ïîêàçàòü âñå çàïóùåííûå ïðîöåññû
kill pid – óáèòü ïðîöåññ ñ id pid
killall proc – óáèòü âñå ïðîöåññû ñ èìåíåì proc
bg – ñïèñîê îñòàíîâëåííûõ è ôîíîâûõ çàäà÷; ïðîäîëæèòü âûïîëíåíèå îñòàíîâëåííîé çàäà÷è â ôîíå
fg – âûíîñèò íà ïåðåäíèé ïëàí ïîñëåäíèå çàäà÷è
fg n – âûíåñòè çàäà÷ó n íà ïåðåäíèé ïëàí
Ïðàâà äîñòóïà íà ôàéëû
chmod octal file – ñìåíèòü ïðàâà file íà octal, ðàçäåëüíî äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ, ãðóïïû è äëÿ âñåõ äîáàâëåíèåì:
4 – ÷òåíèå (r)
2 – çàïèñü (w)
1 – èñïîëíåíèå (x)
Ïðèìåðû:
chmod 777 – ÷òåíèå, çàïèñü, èñïîëíåíèå äëÿ âñåõ
chmod 755 – rwx äëÿ âëàäåëüöà, rx äëÿ ãðóïïû è îñòàëüíûõ.
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îïöèè: man chmod.
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SSH|
ssh user@host – ïîäêëþ÷èòñÿ ê host êàê user
ssh -p port user@host – ïîäêëþ÷èòñÿ ê host íà ïîðò port êàê user
ssh-copy-id user@host – äîáàâèòü âàø êëþ÷ íà host äëÿ user ÷òîáû âêëþ÷èòü ëîãèí áåç ïàðîëÿ è ïî êëþ÷àì
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Ïîèñê|
grep pattern files – èñêàòü pattern â files
grep -r pattern dir – èñêàòü ðåêóðñèâíî pattern â dir
command | grep pattern – èñêàòü pattern â âûâîäå command
locate file – íàéòè âñå ôàéëû ñ èìåíåì file
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Ñèñòåìíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ|
date – âûâåñòè òåêóùóþ äàòó è âðåìÿ
cal – âûâåñòè êàëåíäàðü íà òåêóùèé ìåñÿö
uptime – ïîêàçàòü òåêóùèé àïòàéì
w – ïîêàçàòü ïîëüçîâàòåëåé îíëàéí
whoami – èìÿ, ïîä êîòîðûì âû çàëîãèíåíû
finger user – ïîêàçàòü èíôîðìàöèþ î user
uname -a – ïîêàçàòü èíôîðìàöèþ î ÿäðå
cat /proc/cpuinfo – èíôîðìàöèÿ ÖÏÓ
cat /proc/meminfo – èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïàìÿòè
man command – ïîêàçàòü ìàíóàë äëÿ command
df – ïîêàçàòü èíô. î èñïîëüçîâàíèè äèñêîâ
du – âûâåñòè “âåñ” òåêóùåãî êàòàëîãà
free – èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïàìÿòè è swap
whereis app – âîçìîæíîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïðîãðàììû app
which app – êàêàÿ app áóäåò çàïóùåíà ïî óìîë÷àíèþ
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Àðõèâàöèÿ|
tar cf file.tar files – ñîçäàòü tar-àðõèâ ñ èìåíåì file.tar ñîäåðæàùèé files
tar xf file.tar – ðàñïàêîâàòü file.tar
tar czf file.tar.gz files – ñîçäàòü àðõèâ tar ñ ñæàòèåì Gzip
tar xzf file.tar.gz – ðàñïàêîâàòü tar ñ Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – ñîçäàòü àðõèâ tar ñ ñæàòèåì Bzip2
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – ðàñïàêîâàòü tar ñ Bzip2
gzip file – ñæàòü file è ïåðåèìåíîâàòü â file.gz
gzip -d file.gz – ðàçæàòü file.gz â file
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Ñåòü|
ping host – ïðîïèíãîâàòü host è âûâåñòè ðåçóëüòàò
whois domain – ïîëó÷èòü èíôîðìàöèþ whois äëÿ domain
dig domain – ïîëó÷èòü DNS èíôîðìàöèþ domain
dig -x host – ðåâåðñèâíî èñêàòü host
wget file – ñêà÷àòü file
wget -c file – ïðîäîëæèòü îñòàíîâëåííóþ çàêà÷êó
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Óñòàíîâêà ïàêåòîâ|
Óñòàíîâêà èç èñõîäíèêîâ:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – óñòàíîâèòü ïàêåò (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – óñòàíîâèòü ïàêåò (RPM)
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Êëàâèàòóðíûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ|
Ctrl+C – çàâåðøèòü òåêóùóþ êîìàíäó
Ctrl+Z – îñòàíîâèòü òåêóùóþ êîìàíäó, ïðîäîëæòü ñ fg íà ïåðåäíåì ïëàíå èëè bg â ôîíå
Ctrl+D – ðàçëîãèíèòüñÿ, òîæå ñàìîå, ÷òî è exit
Ctrl+W – óäàëèòü îäíî ñëîâî â òåêóùåé ñòðîêå
Ctrl+U – óäàëèòü ñòðîêó
!! - ïîâòîðèòü ïîñëåäíþþ êîìàíäó
exit – ðàçëîãèíèòüñÿ